18．John Bellamy Foster, Robert W. McChesney, and R. Jamil Jonna, “The Global Reserve Army of Labor and the New Imperialism,”Monthly Review 63, no. 6 (2011): 1. See also Mark Graham, Isis Hjorth, and Vili Lehdonvirta, “Digital Labour and Development: Impacts of Global Digital Labour Platforms and the Gig Economy on Worker Livelihoods,”Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 23, no. 2 (2017): 135–62, https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250.
结论 接下来的任务
1．参阅Siou Chew Kuek，Cecilia Paradi-Guilford，Toks Fayomi，Saori Imaizumi，Panos Ipeirotis，Patricia Pina，and Manpreet Singh，“The Global Opportunity in Online Outsourcing，”World Bank Group，June 2015；for related，in some cases more conservative，estimates，see Lawrence Mishel，Uber and the Labor Market，Washington，DC： Economic Policy Institute，2018，https://www.epi.org/publication/uberand-the-labor-market-uber-drivers-compensation-wages-and-the-scale-ofuber-and-the-gig-economy/；James Manyika et al.，Independent Work：Choice，Necessity，and the Gig Economy（Washington， DC：McKinsey Global Institute：October 2016）， http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-andgrowth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy； James Manyika et al.，Harnessing Automation for a Future That Works（Washington，DC：McKinsey Global Institute：January 2017），http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/digitaldisruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works；Till Alexander Leopold，Saadia Zahidi，and Vesselina Ratcheva，The Future of Jobs：Employment，Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution，World Economic Forum，2016。
2．根据Smith的Gig Work: Online Selling and Home Sharing (2016)，美国
8%的成年人表示，2015年他们挣钱的方式包括在线任务（如调查和
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