8 John Robinson and Geofrey Godbey, Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time (University Park: Penn State University Press, 1997), 231; Jonathan Gershuny, “Busyness as the Badge of Honor for the New Superordinate Working Class,” Social Research: An International Quarterly 72, no. 1 (2005): 287–314; and John Robinson “Americans Less Rushed But No Happier: 1965–2010 Trends in Subjective Time and Happiness,” Social Indicators Research 113 (2013): 1091–1104. Robinson’s latest figures (from 2010) show an unexpected decline from 2004 in the proportion of those always rushed, and he speculates that this may reflect a simple adaption to an ever-faster pace of life.
9 Among time-use specialists, the term “free time” is defined as the remaining time after time spent in market and nonmarket work and meeting physiological needs (sleeping, eating, attending to personal hygiene, and grooming) is deducted. It represents the time potentially available for leisure pursuits.
10 Goodin et al., Discretionary Time, 73.
11 Robinson and Godbey, Time for Life; Gershuny, Busyness as the Badge of Honor, 288; Gershuny and Kimberly Fisher (2013), “Exploit and Industry: Why Work Time Will Not Disappear for Our Grandchildren,” Centre for Time Use Research, Oxford University. http://www.timeuse.org/node/6934.
12 Paul Edwards and Judy Wajcman, The Politics of Working Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
13 Jacobs and Gerson, The Time Divide, 39. The long hours of low paid workers doing multiple jobs do not figure in these discussions!
14 Man Yee Kan, Oriel Sullivan and Jonathan Gershuny, “Gender convergence in domestic work: discerning the efects of interactional and institutional barriers from large-scale data,” Sociology, 45, 2 (2011), 234–51; Harriet Presser, “Race-ethnic and gender diferences in nonstandard work shifts,” Work and Occupations, 30, 4 (2003), 412–39.
15 Kim Parker and Wendy Wang, Modern Parenthood (Pew Research Centre, 2013), 4.
18 In the United States, only about two-thirds of children under five years old now live with married parents (biological, step, or adoptive), and this declines to about 55 percent for children aged fifteen to seventeen. There has women have less adult leisure than comparable men, and that they are further disadvantaged by their disproportionate responsibility for the physical care of children (Bittman and Wajcman, “The Rush Hour,” 185).
Notes to Pages 64–66
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