The Stack On Software and Sovereignty · 第 396 页

1. See Benjamin H. Bratton, “ Interview by Metahaven, ” October 2011, http://www.bratton.info/ projects/texts/interview-by-metahaven/, and “ The Cloud, the State, and the Stack: Metahaven in Conversation with Benjamin Bratton, ” December 16, 2012, http://mthvn.tumblr.com/ post/38098461078/thecloudthestateandthestack.

1. See http://urbanizationproject.org/blog/charter-cities. Charter Cities represents a plan to introduce new legal frameworks for new or existing cities, turning them into a parallel to Special Economic Zones, here Special Political Zones. New York University economist Paul Romer is a leading advocate for the vision.

1. See this discussion of Gelernter ’ s influence on the conceptual development of the Cloud: David Gelernter, John Markoff, and Clay Shirky, “ Lord of the Cloud, ” Edge, April 29, 2009, http://edge.org/conversation/lord-of-the-cloud. For a sense of Gelernter ’ s political conservatism, see http://www.nationalreview.com/author/david-gelernter.

1. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix\_time.

1. Sun Microsystems ’ old tagline, “ the network is the computer ” has been realized, especially if the definition of network is expanded to include both the physical computing network and the network of users providing content and feedback.

1. See Stu Woo, “ Welcome to Amazon Town, ” Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204058404577108821485438232.

1. I refer to Google ’ s mission statement: “ to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. ” See https://www.google.com/about/company.

1. China Mie ville, ́ The City and the City (New York: Del Rey Ballantine Books, 2009).

1. John Battelle calls this “ the government layer. ” He writes, “ We are increasingly going to the Web/Internet as the platform for our lives. There, our identity is not managed by the government. It ’ s managed — in the majority — by Facebook. When we buy things, our identity is managed by PayPal, Amazon, and Amex/Visa/Mastercard, not to mention a raft of pretenders to our identity throne, including Facebook, Google, and startups like Square. All of these are private corporations. None of them ask us for our government issued identity cards before allowing us to make a purchase. Some do ask for our SSN, of course. But online, the ‘ government layer ’ is melting into the background of our identity — rather like DOS melted into the background of Windows 3. I expect this to be the source of some serious conflict in the coming decade(s). ” See John Battelle, “ What Role Government? ” John Battelle ’ s Search Blog, November 4, 2011, http:// battellemedia.com/archives/2011/11/what-role-government.php.

1. See Jin Ge, “ The Father of China ’ s Great Firewall Re-defines Internet Sovereignty, ” http://www.88-bar.com/tag/sovereign-internet/. Thanks to Tricia Wang for alerting me to this quote.

1. See Xu Wu, Chinese Cyber Nationalism: Evolution, Characteristics, and Implications (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007).

1. R. Buckminster Fuller, Grunch of Giants (New York: St. Martin ’ s Press, 1983).

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