The Stack On Software and Sovereignty · 第 406 页

1. See William Gibson ’ s Sprawl trilogy novel Mona Lisa Overdrive (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1988) , and MVRDV ’ s drafting of “ cyberspace ” in Metacity/Datatown (Rottterdam: 010 Publishers) (1999).

1. Also MVRDV KM3: Excursions on Capacity (Barcelona: Actar, 2006).

1. Adam Greenfield, Against the Smart City (New York: Do Projects, 2013).

1. See Patrik Schumacher ’ s evolving parametricist manifestos that list many of his key claims on behalf his understanding of this design methodology: “ Parametricism as Style — Parametricist Manifesto, ” 2008, http://www.patrikschumacher.com/Texts/Parametricism%20as%20Style.htm.

1. Keller Easterling discusses this consultant-driven urbanism in The Action Is the Form: Victor Hugo ’ s TED Talk (London: Strelka Press, 2012).

1. We are left to wonder who the real architects of the architecture actually are: Zaha Hadid, Cisco, or McKinsey? Shall we now acknowledge the collaborations with more transparency, and in doing so expand the landscape of parameters that can be admitted into a Luhmannian design strategy? See also Sam Jaco, “ Where Cities Talk to Money, ” Domus, no. 970, June 19, 2013, http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2013/06/10/where\_cities\_talktomoney.html.

1. See J. G. Ballard, Super-Cannes (New York: Picador, 2001), a novel of seething, barely suppressed mayhem, set in an exclusive technology park enclave.

1. Greenfield, Against the Smart City.

1. The urban armatures of Masdar City are in some places raised off the ground like server racks in a data center, allowing the replacement of components ’ building parts to be done quickly from backstage.

1. Gilbert Simondon, a French philosopher, sees the individual as a process — through individuation rather than as fixed entity. Neither matter nor form is fixed, as they too go through a process of development. See Simondon ’ s The Individual and Its Physico-Biological Individuation; L’individu et sa gene se physico-biologiquè (Paris: University Presses of France, 1964); and Du mode d’existence des objets techniques (Paris: Aubier, 1989). On Agamben ’ s take on the apparatus, see Giorgio Agamben, What Is an Apparatus? And Other Essays (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009). Deleuze offered a strikingly different interpretation of Foucault ’ s dispositif in his “ What Is a Dispositif? ” in Michel Foucault: Philosopher, ed. T. J. Armstrong (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992), 159 – 168.

1. Agamben makes extensive use of such theo-politico-etymological binaries to push his arguments forward, for example, his well-known, “ Anthropological Machine, ” which differentiates humans from animals according to their inclusion or exclusion from political representability. See his The Open: Man and Animal (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).

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