- Jacob Appelbaum, “ Art as Evidence ” (panel at Transmediale, Haus Der Kulturen Der Welt, Berlin, January 30, 2014), http://www.transmediale.de/content/presentation-by-jacob -applebaum-at-transmediale-2014-keynote-art-as-evidence.
- Charles Manson, “ Lie, ” recorded August 9, 1968, Phil Kaufman, 1970, vinyl recording.
- A sectional tracking shot, as in Hitchcock ’ s Rear Window, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (Paramount, 1954). Made in USA, directed by Jean-Luc Godard (Anouchka Films, Rome Paris Films, S.E.P.I.C, 1966). (Or, for that matter, Shigeru Miyamoto ’ s video game Donkey Kong.)
- This line of thinking is represented by John Perry Barlow ’ s “ Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace ” manifesto from 1996, as well as various anarchist and libertarian platforms. To states he warned, “ You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather. ” To his credit, Barlow ’ s opinions have evolved considerably since this text was first posted.
- One of the ways that states hope to manage a transition and translation into Cloud platforms is to take it on themselves to realize a cartographic and optical authority — omniscience, if you like — over the entirety of the space they call “ cyber. ” In September 2014, as part of an ongoing wave of disclosures, Der Spiegel published a PDF file of a PowerPoint deck, “ Bad guys are everywhere, good guys are somewhere, ” presented by the NSA/CSS Threat Operations Center, which included a slide featuring the US security agencies ’ own version of The Stack. As said, the US Department of Defense has Stack theorists too. The diagram is not secret, it has been around a while, and it depicts what Paul Rosenzweig calls “ the five layers of the cyber domain. ” This book ’ s stack is Earth and Cloud at the physical layer, City and Address at the network layer, and Interface and User at the application and agent layers. The Department of Defense ’ s stack has a Geographic layer, a Physical Network layer, a Logical Network layer, a Cyber Persona layer, and a Persona layer. The deck also discusses an initiative called Treasuremap, which purports to “ map the entire Internet — Any device, anywhere, all the time. ” A whole chapter of this book could have been devoted just to the US federal Stack programs at work, especially those detailed in similar decks and perhaps that will be a follow-up in one way or another. Detailed images of the Defense Stack, and of these programs ’ publicly available diagrams and publications, are at the book website, thestack.org. Another notable usage of “ stacks ” is by Bruce Sterling, who around the same time as I was giving public lectures based on this book, made several references to what he called “ The Stacks. ” For him this term refers, roughly speaking, to large Cloud platforms such as Google, Apple and Facebook. He contrasted these systems to an ideal “ open internet. ” See for example Sterling ’ s closing address at the 2012 South By Southwest conference, Austin, Texas. March 13, 2012. And his essay “ State of the World 2013 ” (with Jon Lebkowsky) at http://www.well.com/ conf/inkwell.vue/topics/459/State-of-the-World-2013-Bruce-St-page01.html. Sterling and I have exchanged notes on the implications of the term, and he has also blogged about this book ’ s developing research. See for example, “ The Cloud, The State and the Stack ” at http://www.wired .com/2012/12/the-cloud-the-state-and-the-stack/ and “ On the Nomos of the Cloud: The Stack, Deep Address and Political Geography ” at http://www.wired.com/2013/02/on-the-nomos-of-the -cloud-the-stack-deep-address-internal-geography/.
- “ God Bows to Math ” is a song by Minutemen, from the album Double Nickels on the Dime (SST Records, San Pedro, CA, 1984).
Notes
441