Marx saw restructuring through crisis as enabling capitalism to recoup the rate of profit, and the "Austrian School" of mainstream economics likewise saw crises as the only way to reinvigorate the system. Each crisis in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s did lead to widespread restructuring of industry. There were closures of factories, mines and docks in all the world's industrial heartlands. Industries which had characterised whole regions decamped; others saw their workforces shrink to half or a quarter of their former size, as with the heavy industries of northern China, Detroit's car plants, the Polish shipyards and the meat refrigeration plants of Greater Buenos Aires.
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The New Age of Global Instability