Tony Cliff, on military competition 1 1 7; on H-bomb and long boom 172
Tory Party, splits in 1 990s and different multinational agendas of diferent capitals 268
Totalitarianism, theories fail to foresee crises in Eastern bloc 179
Toynbee, Polly, spreads myth about two thirds of population being middle class 334; praise for Gordon Brown 303
Trade and budget deficits of US in 2000s 273
Transformation of values into prices 48
Transformation problem 46-50, 74; critiques of Marx's solution 48 see also Okishio's Theorem
Transnationality Index 260
"Triad" of North America, the EU and Japan 262
Trostle, Ronald, on innovation and inability of small farmers to pay royalties 322
Trotsky, Leon 159; on capitalism living by booms and slumps 68; on statification 1 16; on equalisation of economic development 1 87; on convulsive and uneven development under capitalism 1 90
Trusts 86-9
Turner, Adair, quoted 289-90
Turner, Graham 163
Turnover time of capital, and rate of profit 235
Ultra-imperialism 92, 185
UNCTAD 1 7, 186; on multinational corporations in early 2000s 257; transnationality index 260
Underconsumptionist theories 58
Underproduction 61
Unemployment, and economic crises, in 19th century 55; in 1 932 143; during long boom 172; in mid 1 970s 191; in USSR, 208; in Global South 339; "natural" or "noninflationary" level of 137, 192; benefits, during long boom 174; cut in Germany in early 2000s 240
Union Miniere de Haut Katanga mining
corporation, nationalised 185 "Unipolar world" 274 “Unipolar world” 274
United States, imperialism without formal colonies 182; seizure of Philippines and Puerto Rico 97; economic crises 18 10-1920 55; industrial growth 1914 to 1 929 144; share of world output, 1 920 143; investment in 1 920s 146; recession in 1927, 147; fall in output 1929-33; decline in capital stock 1919-45 164-5; Federal Reserve Bank in 1930-31, 145; federal expenditure, in New Deal and in 2008 300; military expenditure, before World War Two 165; government capital expenditure 1941 156; state share of investment 1943 157; economic output 1947-70 161; recession of 1 949 1 65; labour productivity in 1970s 202; methods to keep hegemony over Europe and Japan during Cold War 268-9; government spending, during long boom 164; post war hegemony over Western Europe 180; share of world output in long boom 170; overseas investment during Cold War 1 8 1; unemployment in 1950s 172; growth of foreign trade in 1970s 201; share of arms expenditure in GNP declines during long boom 198; economic policy, 1980s 194; fall in median wage 1973-98 236; productive workforce in post-war decades 126; employed workforce 1940-70 172; employment in trade and finance 126; rates of profits and investment, 1948-2005 235; growth in corporations sales after "Plaza Accord" 266; attempt to gain from Russian occupation of Afghanistan 268-9; computer corporations overtake Japanese in 1990s 265; import of inputs in 1990s and early 2000s 262; Congress, fear that Japan would overtake US 211; investment 223; number of workers in 1998 compared with 1971 and 1950
422
Index