Heterogeneity,"in Global Modernities, ed. Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, and Roland Robertson (London: Sage, 1995), 25-44, and Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
- 关于整体的文明身份和各种“泛”运动（pan-movements）的出 现，参见Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
- 关于人口的发现，参见米歇尔·福柯的生命政治与治理性的概 : Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978- 1979, cd. Michel Senellart (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Foucault, "Governmentality," in Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France, 1977–78 (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007), 126–145; Charles S. Maier, "Leviathan 2.0: Inventing Modern Statehood," in Rosenberg, A World Connecting, 29-283, here 156-170. 在《想象的共同体》的修订再版 中，本尼迪克特·安德森增加了一章讨论地图和人口普查，呼应了这些论 据中的部分。Anderson, Imagined Communities, ch. 10.
- Torp, Herausforderung, esp. 369–370.
- Hassan Kayalı, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
- Osterhammel, Transformation of the World, 29–35.
- 关于中东视野下的早期纸张与印刷，参见Nile Green,“Jourmeymen, Middlemen: Travel, Trans-Culture and Technology in the Origins of Muslim Printing," International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (2009):
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