人工智能和资本主义的未来 · 第 166 页

1. CNNs are specific types of neural networks that are modelled on the visual cortex and well-suited to processing image data.

1. They therefore argue that the specific architecture of ANNs is significant to solving the generalization problem and needs to incorporate lateral and feedback connections rather than just resembling the feed-forward hierarchy of cells in the neocortex.

1. ImageNet is a visual database consisting of over 1 million labelled images and 20,000 categories. It was designed for research on visual object recognition software research.

1. BAYOU, which we discussed in Chapter 2, is yet another example.

1. Marx points out that ‘machinery is most valuable for capital when its value = 0’ (1993: 766).

1. The legal framework suggested by the Committee on Legal Affairs, however, is to ‘ensure that robots are and will remain in the service of humans’.

1. This bundle of goods may even be cheaper than the bundle human beings need to reproduce their labour-power. Thus AGI proletarians may emerge as a new pool of very cheap labour because AGI workers would spend a shorter part of their working day on reproducing their wage, i.e. performing necessary labour relative to surplus labour.

1. For a lucid and sympathetic treatment by a non-Marxist economist of Marx’s ‘surplus population’ thesis in relation to AI see Skidelsky (2018).

CONCLUSION

1. This, we note, is the view of AI held some of China’s Marxist scholars who believe their government is still on the road to socialism, and that under its tutelage AI will spell the end of capitalism: ‘If AI rationally allocates resources through big data analysis, and if robust feedback loops can supplant the imperfections of “the invisible hand” while fairly sharing the vast wealth it creates, a planned economy that actually works could at last be achievable’ (Xiang 2018).

1. The same can be said about a predictable attack: Luddism. As far as we are concerned the hour of Luddism has come and gone: the phrase is exhausted. The historical conditions that generated the terms and made them a signifier of seriously threatening or promising subversion have changed so much that neither the adoption nor the damnation of Luddism is of much relevance. All struggles are in and against the conditions of actually-existing AI-capitalism. In terms of destroying digital infrastructures or rendering them uninhabitable by humans, capital is doing the job itself in cyber-wars and cyber-crimes, not to mention eco-disasters, all of which however spur the development of technologies. The question is not the human sabotage of capitalist machinery, but capital’s machinic sabotage of humanity, and the possibility of a different social trajectory.

1. The philosopher Reza Negarestani has recently argued for a conception of AGI as the ultimate, emancipatory goal of philosophy and takes issue with both sceptical accounts such as Golumbia’s and laudatory ones such as Land’s, holding that ‘the project of artificial general intelligence … [is] a natural extension of the human’s process of self-discovery through which the last vestiges of essentialism are washed away’ (2018: 117).

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