5 According to Zizek, “Today, immaterial labor is ‘hegemonic' in the precise sense in which Marx proclaimed that, in the 19th century capitalism, large industrial production is hegemonic, as the specific color giving its tone to the totality—not quantitatively, but playing the key, emblematic structural role." See Slavoj Zizek, Objet a as Inherent Limit to Capitalism: On Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Fall 2005, http://www.lacan.com/ zizmultitude.htm.
6 Ann Stoler, in her work Race and the Education of Desire, has highlighted the oversight of racial Others in Foucault's historíography, particularly in Foucault's “The History of Sexuality," by focusing on the colonial facts in Dutch archival records (Stoler 1995).
7 In Europe until the 19th century, the term Turk was used interchangeably with Muslim, referring to the subjects of the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans never considered themselves as Turks. Ottoman elites used the term to disparage the nomadic tribes in Anatolia.
8 Cognitive scientist Donald Norman uses the term affordance to describe the perceived quality of an object in relation to its utility (Norman 1990).
9 W. R. Hamilton, ed., Works of Thomas Reid (Edinburgh, 1846); quote appears in Schaffer (1983).
10 Windisch emphasizes the boldness of the idea that the automaton conveys as one of its intended effects. “He represented it for merely what it is; a machine, which is not without merit as to its mechanism, but the effects of which appear so wonderful, only from the boldness of the idea, and the fortunate choice of means which he employs to carry on the illusion" (Windisch 1874: Letter V).
11 Kempelen was aware of the importance of self-regulating mechanisms and patented a steam turbine that was very similar to James Watt's famous invention. The governor mechanism of Watt’s steam turbine is considered to be the archetópe of self-regulating systems.
12 Gottfried Leibniz, Dissertio de Arte Combinatoria (1666); quoted in Ronald Chrisley and Sander Begeer, Artificial Intelligence: Critical Concepts (London: Taylor & Francis, 2000), 14.
13 Poe published “Von Kempelen and His Discovery” in 1849.
14 Foucault explains this term in his interview published in Michel Foucault, Power/ Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. C. Gordon ([City: Publisher]), 194–8. Deleuze (1992) prefers the term social apparatus in his translation of dispositive.
15 However, this assumption may not always reflect the entire reality. Mechanical Turk has recently gained some attention in the U.S. media, particularly after the 2008 economic crisis, through the aired stories by people who work for AMT. Although the kind of income that could be produced in Mechanical Turk may not entirely compensate for an income lost from a traditional full-time job for a worker based in the United States, many Turkers still see it as convenient and flexible work that could pay \$8 to \$15 per day.
16 Rajesh Mago, “Review of Mturk after Working with Them as Worker | PC Tips and Tricks," http://www.pctipstricks.com/my-review-of-amazon-mturk-after-workingpart-time-as-worker-for-few-months/.
17Ibid.
References
Agamben, Giorgio. 2009. "What Is an Apparatus?" and Other Essays. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
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