这个到来首先需要简短地离题一下《德意志意识形态》与马克思和马克思主义内部正在进行的争论点之间的关系。这个问题源于这样一个事实，即《德意志意识形态》，而不是马克思在1859年著名的《政治经济学批判贡献》（以下简称《贡献》)的序言，首先在历史哲学的层面上概述了生产力和生产关系之间的矛盾。总的来说，《德意志意识形态》比《贡献》更丰富、更复杂地解读了“经济”的哲学轮廓。但它也作为《贡献》序言中宣布的备受诟病的“基础上层建筑”模型的基础，63即使这个模型并没有公开出现在《德意志意识形态》中。64在《德意志意识形态》中有一个“经济基础”，与“物质生活本身”同义，对马克思和恩格斯来说，它是“历史的实际基础”，可以暂时定义为“与生产力的一定水平相对应的生产关系的总和”。当然，可以把这个基础解释为(隐含地)产生一个上层建筑[Überbau]，历史意识动态地嵌入其中。“5然而，还有其他因素需要考虑到这个模型，这些因素，当参与进来时，减轻-可以说是平息-指责马克思的历史哲学是由机械的“经济决定论”和庸俗的历史决定论所支撑的。其中之一是，在马克思的理论中，经济基础已经有了一个政治维度，打破了他的语料库中“经济”和“政治”之间的任何固定区分。例如，马克思在《资本论》中对资本主义地租起源的分析
62 Relations of production' is not established as a concept in Te German Ideology, but Marx and Engels already speak of the contradiction between forms of intercourse' and productive forces as the origin of all collisions in history' . See Marx and Engels, GI, 89.
63 The relevant passage in the Contribution is: In the social production of their lives, humans inevitably enter into definite, necessary relations, which are independent of their will, namely, relations of production corresponding to a determinate stage of development of their material forces of production. The totality [Gesamtheit] of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real basis on which there arises a legal and political superstructure and to which there correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of humans that determines the being, but their social being tat determines their consciousness.’ Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Politischen Okonomie [1859] (hereafter KPO), in Marx and Engels, MEW, Band 13 (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1961), 8-9 (Marx, Contribution, 20-1).
64 It is important to point out that this model barely emerges after the Contribution. It appears only once in the first volume of Capital, in a footnote at that. See Karl Marx, Capital: a Critique of Political Ecoñomy, Vol. 1: the Process of Production of Capital [1867] (hereafter Capital 1), trans. Ben Fowkes (London and New York: Penguin Books, 1976), 175, ft. 35.
6 Various passages in The German Ideology anticipate the preface to the Contribution, most notably: Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life.' Marx and Engels, GI, 47.
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