Squeezed to the extreme, migrant gig workers are not docile bodies uncapable of resistance. In their daily work, they constantly co-create labour algorithms and mutual aid communities to make the labour process more bearable (Sun & Chen, 2021; Zhou & Pun, 2024). In addition, they also leverage collective actions to push management and government concessions (Lei, 2021; Liu & Friedman, 2021; Zhao & Luo, 2023; Zhou & Pun, 2024). Notably, since 2017, China Labour
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<sup>4</sup> Ride-hailing drivers sleeping on their cars has frequently made it to national news headlines in the past two years. for example, https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forw ard\_25832815; https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail\_forward\_27561020.
<sup>5</sup> Official statistics on such fatalities are non-existent. Yet according to E-hailing Headlines (网约车大事件), the WeChat portal of a Guangzhou-based legal and repair service provider for ride-hailing drivers, and several other channels of its kind, more than 50 drivers were reported dead in their cars in 2023 after prolonged periods of overwork. Given E-hailing Headlines relies on its fans for news resources, which is around 80.000, it is plausible to say that across the country, the actual number of such cases is higher.