During the era of the welfare state, criminology viewed crime in the context of functioning institutions, in terms, that is, of proper education, family socialization, and job opportunities.62 According to the mainstream criminological discourse of the period, the criminal was a deviant, one who deviated from social expectations. In Garland's words, crime signified "an under-achieving socialization process" and could thus be remedied by state intervention in specific domains (15). The discourse of contemporary criminolog)lj however, difers. It views crime as routine. Crimes are the responses of normal individuals to available choices and incentives. Criminals follow market incentives just like everybody else. J3ecause crime can erupt anywhere, any time, the proper response is preemptive-get them before they can get you. Preemption takes a variety of forms, including zoning, surveillance, and an increase in the severity of penalties for repeat ofenders. The goal is protecting the public, ensuring its safetyj preventing the impossible. Appropriate measures k<sub>7</sub>ep us away from them. The daily business of the community has to be secured against the criminal disruption.
Corresponding to this shift from deviant to norm is a change in the focus of criminological concern. Welfare state criminology emphasized the criminal, bringing all the disciplines to bear in understanding him and his crime. In contrast, the society of control emphasizes the victim. "Victim impact statements," Garland writes, "are introduced to court in order to individualize the impact of the crime, to show how the ofence afected this particular victim, in all her particularity) in all her human specificity" (179 ) . AB a result, the ofender is rendered "more and more a projected image" ( 179). The criminal, in other words, is less a person than the image standing in for a horrifying, unbearable, contingent event. Injustice is what happens to the victim; the victim is the one unjustly deprived of opportunity, life, enjoyment. The criminal is imagined as the monstrous instrument of deprivation.
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