Publishing, 1995, 304.
25 Ibid., 307.
26 Lissagaray, History of the Paris Commune of 1871, 130.
27 Frederick Busi writes, “From its inception the Commune was plagued with indecisiveness and a confusing diversity of aims and ideas. An American observer in Paris remarked, ‘It’s a madhouse inhabited by monkeys.’ From its beginning, lack of discipline and direction hampered its development, and understandably so, for it could never quite decide if it were the vanguard in the struggle against social injustice or for the restoration of national honor through war.” “The Failure of Revolution,” in Revolution and Reaction: The Paris Commune 1871, ed. John Hicks and Robert Tucker, Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1973, 14–25; 19. The book is a reprint ofThe Massachusetts Review XII, 3, Summer 1971.
28 Philip M. Katz, From Appomattox to Montmarte: Americans and the Paris Commune, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
29 Ibid., 97.
30 Ibid., 108–10.
31 Marx, “The Civil War in France,” 307.
32 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “The German Ideology,” Selected Writings, 130.
33 Alain Badiou, Theory of the Subject, trans. Bruno Bosteels, London: Continuum, 2009.
34 V. I. Lenin, “The State and Revolution,” in The Lenin Anthology, ed. Robert C. Tucker, New York: Norton, 1975, 336.
35 Badiou, Theory of the Subject, 138.
36 Kristin Ross, The Emergence ofSocial Space: Rimbaud and the Paris Commune, London: Verso, 2008; originally University of Minnesota Press, 1988.
37 Ibid., 20.
38 Ibid., 23, 33.
39 Ibid., 33.
40 Ibid., 136.
41 Ibid., 100–21.
42 Ibid., 103.
43 Ibid., 113.
44 Ibid., 113.
45 Ibid., 101.
46 Ibid., 120–21.
47 See Gavin Walker, “The Reinvention of Communism: Politics, History, Globality,” South Atlantic Quarterly 113: 4, Fall 2014, 671–86.
48 Ross, The Emergence of Social Space, 108.
49 Ibid., 4.
50 Badiou, Theory ofthe Subject, 46.
51 Ibid., 220.
52 “Marx to Dr Kugelmann Concerning the Paris Commune,” April 12, 1871, marxists.org.
53 Badiou, Theory of the Subject, 251.
54 Ibid., 251.
55 Alain Badiou, The Communist Hypothesis, trans. David Macey and Steve Corcoran, London: Verso, 2010, 182.
56 Bruno Bosteels, “The Leftist Hypothesis: Communism in the Age of Terror,” in The Idea of Communism, ed. Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Žižek, London: Verso, 2010.
57 Slavoj Žižek, “How to Begin from the Beginning,” in The Idea of Communism.
58 Badiou, Theory of the Subject, 328.
59 Marx Letter to Kugelmann.
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