Kilmeyer, Carl Friedrich, 61
Kirchner, James, 82n151
Klee, Paul, 257–58
knowing, process of, 133–34, 141, 182
knowledge, 131, 134; axiology of, 193; facts and, 242; heterogeneity of, 258; individuation and, 197–98; Lyotard on, 242–43; objective, 129; scientific, 141, 156; systematization, 54–56; transvaluation of, 37
Knowledge of Life (Canguilhem), 158
Koestler, Arthur, 75
Korzybski, Alfred, 132-33
Koyré, Alexander, 8n15
Krug, Wilhelm Traugott, 94
Kuhn, Thomas, 267
Küppers, Bernd-Olaf, 56
language, 203
Latour, Bruno, 29, 77
Lawrence, Joseph P., 64
laws of chance, 11
Leibniz, Gottfried, 5–6, 24, 24n48, 38, 65; De Arte Combinatoria by, 116; best of all possible worlds, 141, 141n168; Bergson on, 164; calculus of reasoning, 115-16; on communication, 121; cybernetics and, 115–16, 119; Deleuze on, 117; finalism of, 164; on ground, 116–17; the infinite, the finite and, 117; Le système nouveau de la nature by, 120; metaphysics of, 119; monad of, 117-18; Monadology of, 116–17; Needham on, 23, 116; organic philosophy of, 116; on soul, 118;
universal symbolism of, 115–16; Wiener on, 119-122
laws of nature, 41, 43
Leibnizianism, 115-24
Lenoir, Timothy, 4, 4n8
Le paradigme perdu: La nature humaine (Morin), 21
Leroi-Gourhan, André, 25-26, 266
Le Sage, Georges-Louis, 58
Lewin, Kurt, 187–88
life, 60; adaptation, 187; as artificial, 174; Canguilhem and, 184; complexity of, 15; creativity of, 170; knowing, 182; matter, as product of, 66; as the Notion, 97; organic form of, 67; as recursive process, 175–76; teleology of, 157
livestock farming, 186
linear mechanical movement, 14
life science, 247–48
light, 120, 131
Livet, Pierre, 54, 125–29
living being, 195
living organism, 122-23
local minima, 139
logic: Aristotelian, 106; classical, 106; of Hegel, 106, 140; modal, 12–14; natural, 167–68; organicist, 90–-93; reflective, 90 93, 105, 107; symbolic, 110–11; two-valued, 107
logical emanation, 43
loop, 20, 113, 123, 128, 135, 141–43, 218,263
Lovelock, James, 28, 81–83
luck, 189
Luhmann, Niklas, 20–21, 20n37, 127, 129, 219, 239–40, 244
Lyotard, Jean-François, 22, 32, 45n8, 236–45, 250–56, 258–59, 263, 268-70
376
递归与偶然