数据资本时代 · 第 239 页

参考文献

Szymanski, eds., Auctions, Market Mech- anisms and Their Applications (Berlin: Springer, 2009),3, http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-03821-1\_2.

1. first issue of the product-comparison magazine: “Consumer Group Formed: New Organization Plans to Give Data on Goods and Services," New York Times, February 6, 1936, http://query. nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0CE0DF153FEE3 BBC4E53DFB466838D629EDE.

1. Prices ending in nines: Even if policy makers prohibit prices ending in nine, recent research has shown that the market adjusts quickly to the restriction and shifts from prices ending in ninety-nine to prices ending in ninety, with the same deceiving effect on consumers; see Avichai Snir, Daniel Levy, and Haipeng Chen, “End of 9-Endings, Price Recall, and Price Perceptions," Economics Letters, forthcoming (posted April 2, 2017), https://ssrn.com/ abstract=2944919.

1. "under \$1,000, which is code for \$999” : Matthew Amster-Burton, "Price Anchoring, or Why a \$499iPad Seems Inexpensive,”Mint- Life, April 6, 2010, https://blog.mint.com/how-to/priceanchoring.

1. sellers often use price to deliberately obscure information: Authors' conversation with Florian Bauer, December 19, 2016.

第4章 市场的复兴

1. "Nothing anyone does will seem that crazy”: Olivia Solon, "Oh the Humanity! Poker Computer Trounces Humans in Big Step for Al," Guardian, January 30, 2017, https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2017/jan/30/libratus-poker-artificial-intelligence-professional-humanplayers-competition.

1. playing poker against Libratus: Quoted in Ben Popper, “This Al Will Battle Poker Pros for \$200,000 in Prizes,” Verge, January 4, 2017, http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/4/14161080/ ai-vs-humans-poker-cmu-libratus-no-limit-texas-hold-em.

1. Libratus remained cool: Michael Laakasuo, Jussi Palomäki, and Mikko Salmela, "Experienced Poker Players Are Emotionally Stable," Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 17, no. 7

66.(October 2014),668-671, http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2014.0147.

1. "plugging its own holes every night” : Authors' conversation with Jason Les, February 7, 2017.

1. "we would call him a machine”: Ibid.

1. Libratus racked up more than \$1.7 million: Solon, "Oh the Humanity!"

1. the average individual wins weren't spectacular: For a detailed description of Libratus's winning approach, see Nikolai Yakovenko, “CMU' s Libratus Bluffs Its Way to Victory in # BrainsVsAI Poker Match,"Medium, February 1, 2017, https://medium.com/@Moscow 25/ cmus-libratus-bluffs-its-way-to-victory-in-brainsvsai-poker-match-99abd31b9cd4;see

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