{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0","title":"信息社会理论（第三版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787301189559","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0","id":"09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0","uuid":"09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0","title":"信息社会理论（第三版）","normalized_title":"信息社会理论第三版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787301189559","isbns":["9787301189559","0415406331"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":409,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/09704571-8786-4559-8834-09ba7e197fc0/search"},"page":{"printed_page":213,"pdf_page":229,"physical_index":229,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"0cb200db7eb7a2c4b4492ae0ae5a49a2265ff08b8763f324403856417ba184b1"},"chapter":"第七章信息与民主：尤尔根·哈贝马斯","content":"哈贝马斯认为公共领域不仅被广告伦理的侵蚀所削弱，而且遭受公共关系渗透的重创。在这点上，哈贝马斯对美国“舆论管理”的老前辈爱德华·伯纳斯(Edward Bernays,1891—1995)的事业尤为愤怒—因为伯纳斯的公共关系事业象征了公共领域的终结，伯纳斯及其追随者们所代表的正是理性辩论的终结，而理性辩论是公共领域的重要特征，但公共领域已逐渐被狡猾的政治操纵者所摧毁(Robins and Webster，1999)。对于哈贝马斯来说，公共关系遭遇侵蚀标志着对曾经塑造公共争论的“理性标准”(criteria of rationality)的弃绝，由复杂的舆论塑造(opinion-molding)而创造出来的共识(consensus)完全缺乏理性的标准，该舆论塑造的情势把政治生活降格为“虚饰的浮夸”(showy pomp)，以愚弄那些“随时准备追随的消费者”(p.195)。\n\n抚今思昔，哈贝马斯忧虑重重。全民选举可能把我们每一个人都带进政治领域，但它同时也把舆论的重要性置于理性辩论的品质之上。更糟糕的是，这种重视投票而不对问题的正确性做出评估的行为，以及每个人都可参与选举的现象带来了“现代宣传”(modernpropaganda，p. 203)，以及凭借“打造的公共领域”(manufacturedpublic sphere,p.217)来控制舆论的能力的诞生。在此，启蒙运动的阴暗面浮现于眼帘，如果人们享有投票权，但却缺乏评价他们为之投票的事物的手段，那么形式上的投票意义何在？如果信息意在愚弄民众，那么更多的信息又有何意义呢？实际上，当代社会的公共领域处境已经不堪，正如“启蒙与控制、信息与广告、宣传与操纵的杰纳斯(古罗马门神，有两个截然相反的面孔)之双面”(p.203)。\n\n第七章 信息与民主：尤尔根·哈贝马斯\n\n213","previous_page":212,"next_page":214}