{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","title":"Time for Things Labor, Leisure, and the Rise of Mass Consumption","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780674250529","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","id":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","uuid":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","title":"Time for Things Labor, Leisure, and the Rise of Mass Consumption","normalized_title":"timeforthingslaborleisureandtheriseofmassconsumption","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780674250529","isbns":["9780674250529","9780674250536","9780674979512"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":355,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Time%20for%20Things%20Labor%2C%20Leisure%2C%20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20Mass%20Consumption","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/search"},"page":{"printed_page":290,"pdf_page":298,"physical_index":298,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"db62002035ce0c83c1979b1d9555beffe4f35c67ce4a0de190bc06ce5dbec074"},"chapter":"FOR","content":"18. The most recent (2011) labor force statistics from the current population survey indicate that average hours at work, including those who work part-time, are 38.3, while for fulltime workers the figure is 42.4.\n\n19. Moreover, casual work tends not to be unionized and so was not part of the collective bargaining arrangements of the middle part of the twentieth century. For this reason, arguably full-time hours give a better measure of the work time regime than do aggregate hours worked.\n\n20. Ofer’s findings have recently been echoed by a National Bureau of Labor (2015) report on combined hours of married couples. In 1969, married couples between twenty-five and fifty-four worked a combined average of fifty-six hours per week. By 2000, this had increased to sixty-seven hours.\n\n21. This is a much-debated topic. For a study of more recent trends in domestic labor, along with an overview of the debate, see Bianchi et al. (2000). Their finding is that housework hours have declined significantly since 1965, in part because families became smaller and marriage occurred later and in part because households made greater use of services in place of domestic work. It is hard to get clarity on this issue because time use surveys are subject to misreporting.\n\n22. Robinson and Godbey also note that most of the increase in free time went to older people. Moreover, the additional free time was broken up into very small increments, making it more dificult to make use of it in a satisfying manner.\n\n23. Time use surveys also have very patchy coverage over the course of the century. The most recent annual American Time Use Survey, conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, for example, only stretches as far back as 2003. Time use surveys are also in their nature quite unreliable since they rely on self-reporting.\n\n24. Wage compression between high hourly earners and low hourly earners mostly took place in the 1920s. Costa suggests that this was at least in part a response to electrification, which allowed for shift work, and hours legislation.\n\n25. Labor historian David Brody (1993) estimates that between 1939 and 1945, union membership increased from 9 to 15 million.\n\n26. Compared with 7.3 percent of private sector workers in 2013 (Desilver 2014).\n\n27. I tracked reports about strikes for shorter hours in newspapers between 1869 and 2015, using a database of historical newspapers to search abstracts of articles using the terms strike and working hours. The results certainly corroborate Hunnicutt’s (1988) narrative. There are 294 newspaper reports about strikes where reducing hours was cited as an objective. Of these, 273 took place between 1870 and 1945 (with the majority of strikes occurring between 1880 and 1920), while only 21 took place between 1945 and 2015 (significantly, most of the strikes post-1945 were of salaried workers rather than those paid on hourly rates). Press coverage greatly increased over the time period, as did the size of the workforce. With increasing numbers of workers and more newspaper coverage, if the concern with reducing hours had remained constant, there should have been a greater number of reports of strikes about work time in the later period. While industrial action declined after about 1980, between 1940 and 1980 there were a great many strikes—on average around 300 large (1,000-plus employees)\n\n290\n\nNotes to Pages 52–58","previous_page":289,"next_page":291}