{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","title":"Time for Things Labor, Leisure, and the Rise of Mass Consumption","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780674250529","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","id":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","uuid":"10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","title":"Time for Things Labor, Leisure, and the Rise of Mass Consumption","normalized_title":"timeforthingslaborleisureandtheriseofmassconsumption","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9780674250529","isbns":["9780674250529","9780674250536","9780674979512"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":355,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Time%20for%20Things%20Labor%2C%20Leisure%2C%20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20Mass%20Consumption","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/10f0f318-a2eb-4ea9-8798-d4fb0304f8c3/search"},"page":{"printed_page":312,"pdf_page":320,"physical_index":320,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"9533f2cf62f6187f35123f2e87b75f0500e785155e881a60a95160782ede73c7"},"chapter":"FOR","content":"14. “\\$35,000 More Urged for Federal Work on Auto Problems,” Washington Post, December 23, 1923, p. 55.\n\n15. “Motor Body Asks for Funds to Aid Standards Bureau: Experiments Save Motorists a Huge Sum Every Year,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 13, 1924, p. A6.\n\n16. Henry Litchfield West, “Standards Bureau Driving Machine Is Used at Columbia,” Washington Post, March 28, 1924, p. S3.\n\n17. Katz notes that one index of the change was a change in nomenclature from “members” of CU to “subscribers.”\n\n18. Consumer Reports 20, no. 2 (Feb 1955): p. 56.\n\n19. Consumer Reports, 1, no. 3 (July 1936), p. 2.\n\n20. Consumer Reports, 1, no. 1 (May 1936), p. 24.\n\n21. Ibid.\n\n22. Although, as Jacobs (2005) shows, in the postwar period control of inflation then became as important an issue as wage levels—and once inflation became politicized in this way, it was a short step to labor itself becoming divided, as one part blamed another (the more heavily unionized part) for causing inflation by pushing wage demands.\n\n23. The shift from perishables to durables also reflects change in orientation of the Consumers Union. In its early years, CU was very much concerned with encouraging rational utility-maximizing consumption and discouraging conspicuous consumption of the kind described by Veblen. For that reason, CU deliberately avoided paying attention to goods it categorized as “luxuries” (N. D. Katz 1977, p. 280). At the same time, it was very dificult to draw the line between “necessities” and “luxuries,” especially as new products were continually appearing in the marketplace.\n\n24. Consumer Reports, 1, no. 1 (May 1936), p. 24.\n\n25. The test-focused turn of the organization was not uncontroversial with some of its members. It was CU’s narrow emphasis on product testing, at the expense of consumer advocacy and activism, that prompted Ralph Nader in 1975 to depart from the board of directors of the organization “Notes on People: Nader Quits Consumers Union,” New York Times, August 23, 1975, p. 10.\n\n26. Harry Braverman (1974) describes this as the separation of conception and execution in the labor process. Increasingly simplified and divided labor on the factory floor was accompanied by the emergence of specialized engineers, product designers, and management, who planned and orchestrated production. Modern, Taylorist techniques of production thus greatly narrowed the perspective workers had on the making of whole products. This deskilling in the workplace had the efect of reducing the level of knowledge and understanding people had about products. Product testing then evolved to fill this knowledge gap.\n\n27. Marshall (2013, p. 103) introduced the concept as follows: “We have already seen that the price which a person pays for a thing can never exceed, and seldom comes up to that which he would be willing to pay rather than go without it: so that the satisfaction which he gets from its purchase generally exceeds that which he gives up in paying away its price; and he thus derives from the purchase a surplus of satisfaction. The excess of the price which he would be willing to pay rather than go without the thing, over that which he actually does pay, is the economic measure of this surplus satisfaction. It may be called consumer’s surplus.” Although Marshall coined the term, the idea of the consumer surplus has deeper historical origins. The consensus is that it was first thought up by French engineer Jules Depuit in 1844. See R. W. Houghton (1958).\n\n312\n\nNotes to Pages 203–214","previous_page":311,"next_page":313}