{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34","title":"技术至死 数字化生存的阴暗面","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"0120136503","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34","id":"13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34","uuid":"13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34","title":"技术至死 数字化生存的阴暗面","normalized_title":"技术至死数字化生存的阴暗面","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"0120136503","isbns":["0120136503","9787121227776"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":396,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%BB%20%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E7%9A%84%E9%98%B4%E6%9A%97%E9%9D%A2","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/13a8d12f-fb2c-4d05-a501-68bf7c192d34/search"},"page":{"printed_page":319,"pdf_page":333,"physical_index":333,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"ce716103e2d448aa5e77af9b67b46062e29c7934be076bebe94a81c6b25fe453"},"chapter":"技术至死数字化生存的阴暗面","content":"问题是，经济规律不见得总适合解释人类复杂的行为。因此，一旦用外在动机换下了内在动机，人类就会做出奇怪的回应。数十年来的著名社会学研究证实了这一点。用现金奖励公民献血的话，献血的人反而少了。如果要在公民隔壁修建核废料储存设施，并给予现金补偿的话，他们往往更不赞成这个项目；但如果呼吁他们发扬公民责任感，赞成的人反倒更多。如果住在养老院的老人被迫把人际关系换成市场关系（比如用代金券让人来替自已整理床铺)，那么，很快，不先索取报酬的话，他们就不愿帮室友做事情了。如果家长到托儿所接孩子迟到会挨罚款，日后迟到的家长反而越来越多；显然，托儿所员工恼火的表情，外加他们认为自己没义务晚下班的信念，比罚款管用。\n\n当然，有人可能会反驳说，家长来接孩子晚了，是因为罚款还不够高；公民突然不愿意有核废料囤积站出现在附近，理应获得更高的赔偿金。因此，按照这种逻辑，只要有合适的胡萝卜加大棒，或者代币加勋章组合，就一定能出现可取的行为。但有一点，在寻找最有效激励措施的时候可别忘了：以前是完全不需要这些外在动机的。\n\n这里出现了一套很能“自圆其说”的预言：如果政策制定者相信个人利益是唯一可行的选择，他们会据此设计社会和法律制度。他们甚至有可能征募可取的行为，由此获得急需的肯定：世界真的就像他们想的那样运作。心理学家巴里·施瓦茨(BarrySchwartz)说过，“西方社会热情地投入了自利就是人类行为的动机’这一观点，造就了助长自利的社会结构。”但它不见得反映了任何深刻、永恒的人性真相；它只反映了功利主义和斯金纳式思维在过去100多年来变得多么普及。施瓦茨指出，“在后斯金纳时代里，家长、教师、牧师、医生和执法人员都习惯性地操纵奖励。人在这样的世界里长大，肯定相信，靠这类奖励控制人类行为是普遍的、必然的。”“这样的看法，说对了它的普遍性，但弄错了它的必然性。”\n\n超人条件\n\n319","previous_page":318,"next_page":320}