{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","title":"Cultural Crowdfunding Platform Capitalism, Labour And Globalization","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","id":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","uuid":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","title":"Cultural Crowdfunding Platform Capitalism, Labour And Globalization","normalized_title":"culturalcrowdfundingplatformcapitalismlabourandglobalization","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":128,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Cultural%20Crowdfunding%20Platform%20Capitalism%2C%20Labour%20And%20Globalization","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/search"},"page":{"printed_page":37,"pdf_page":45,"physical_index":45,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"8e9d9095f5622a41d3b25cd80570865074d5377235e3041e05566c01fd46bf55"},"chapter":"Cultural Crowdfunding: Platform Capitalism, Labour and Globalization","content":"This tension between two conceptions of the alternative can be seen at play in the literature regarding propositions and alternative economic models. On the one hand one observes a number of reflections and concepts pertaining to alternatives to globalized and centralised capitalist economies, covering closely related themes and suggesting new practices such as an end to speculation, the development of alternative currencies (Greco 2001), the importance of locally based, participatory practices and non-hierarchical labour relations. On a second level, one observes critical analyses of the capitalist system, illustrating the contradictory logics which it thrives upon (Hardt and Negri 2001, Boltanski and Chiapello 2018). In both cases the aim is to rebuild solidarities based upon both material and symbolic reappropriations, forms of ‘entrepreneurship of the multitude’—to quote Hardt and Negri’s (2017) somewhat optimistic formula discussed also by Fuchs (2017)—marked by practices of the ‘commons’, open co-operation (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014), as opposed to capitalist exploitation. They can also be set within the project a sustainable ecology (Löwy 2011) or that of ‘degrowth’ (Latouche 2014).\n\nAs we observed in the previous chapter, the spread of Internet extends these debates and the tension between a development based on citizen controlled, alternative, collective sites and platforms, and online spaces run according to the capitalist logics of the culture and communication industries. In these debates, a majority of so-called ‘alternative’ platforms are given (or seek) this appellation in opposition to the mainstream, international market leaders (Facebook, Uber, Netflix, etc.). A recent contribution to this question (Thuillas and Wiart 2019) suggests three types of ‘alternative’ platforms: firstly the mutualist, assembling several existing cultural players which gather to develop a common project; secondly virtual ‘marketplaces’ allowing various independent players to join forces in order to increase their market share; thirdly those supported by public or para-public funding. The last case, only, allows a certain degree of independence from the logic of financial returns. It can however be easily constrained by political logics favouring such and such a project, requiring legitimisation of local or national power structures. In all cases, these types of platforms are only partially concerned with the alternative logics discussed above, and appear most likely to contribute to the reinforcement of political and/or economic hegemony.\n\nFar from an Alternative: Intermediation Apparatuses\n\n37","previous_page":36,"next_page":38}