{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","title":"Cultural Crowdfunding Platform Capitalism, Labour And Globalization","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","id":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","uuid":"171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","title":"Cultural Crowdfunding Platform Capitalism, Labour And Globalization","normalized_title":"culturalcrowdfundingplatformcapitalismlabourandglobalization","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":128,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Cultural%20Crowdfunding%20Platform%20Capitalism%2C%20Labour%20And%20Globalization","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/171eb612-d523-4536-900d-5453dce83960/search"},"page":{"printed_page":40,"pdf_page":48,"physical_index":48,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"e72d569b442547bd97df2e65c0e7712ad62ba9982ba3d3914bd22d4984ce4ee6"},"chapter":"Cultural Crowdfunding: Platform Capitalism, Labour and Globalization","content":"1. Discussing the Typology of Platforms\n\nLet’s firstly recall the dominant typology. Donation based platforms allow contributors to fund a project in a purely ‘philanthropic’ fashion; reward-based platforms ofer graduated gratifications according to the amount given; lending based platforms invite users to lend money in exchange for expected interest returns; lastly, equity based platforms allow users to invest in a project or a company by becoming a shareholder and therefore expecting dividends. This classification is widely shared by both economic and political players and attempts to diferentiate various forms of exchange or investment. Although it underlines the extension of the fields in which crowdfunding is now operating, it is nonetheless problematic. Firstly, this classification erases structural distinctions that can exist within one single category. Secondly, it fails to address the specificities of each platform. For instance, in 2018, the French professional organisation ‘Financement Participatif France’ listed together 22 platforms hosting cultural or ‘solidarity’ projects which were either donation based or reward based. Lastly, this nomenclature fails to acknowledge the development of ‘internal’ platforms belonging to either private corporations or public institutions. This is the case of the ‘Tous Mécènes’ platform developed by the famous Musée du Louvre, which therefore cannot be accounted for with the commonly recognised typology. Therefore, we propose another classification, which corresponds more clearly to the activities and specificities of the various platforms studied, particularly in the field of the communication and culture industries.\n\n2. Generalist Platforms\n\nThe first type of platforms encountered are the media-fuelled generalist sites such as Indiegogo, Kickstarter or Rockethub in the USA, or Ulule and KissKiss-BankBank in France. They allow project creators to raise funds for a variety of cultural goods or services (music, book or other printed media publishing, fiction or documentary film, videogames, as well as technological projects, apps, etc.). These platforms generally involve funding projects over a short period of time (the ‘campaign’), but it is also possible for projects or persons to be funded by ‘backers’ over a long or undetermined period—a route ofered by Patreon in the USA and Tipee in France.\n\n40\n\nCultural Crowdfunding: Platform Capitalism, Labour and Globalization","previous_page":39,"next_page":41}