{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053","title":"If...Then Algorithmic Power and Politics","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2017054909","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053","id":"1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053","uuid":"1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053","title":"If...Then Algorithmic Power and Politics","normalized_title":"ifthenalgorithmicpowerandpolitics","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2017054909","isbns":["2017054909","9780190493042","9780190493059"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":211,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/If...Then%20Algorithmic%20Power%20and%20Politics","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053/search"},"page":{"printed_page":172,"pdf_page":182,"physical_index":182,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"df76f4b24a9bb5ec33694b12901ef9cd97ac9d2dbe0a5d8ae4499573094def94"},"chapter":"IF...THEN","content":"55. I am well aware that talking about the illusionary and the real in the context of the imaginary may create associations with the psychoanalytical theories of Jacques Lacan. However, I am using these terms in a much more pragmatic, everyday sense. For more on Lacan’s notion of the imaginary, the symbolic and the real, see Lacan & Fink (2002).\n\n56. Based on multiple emails exchanged on November 5, 2014.\n\nChapter 6\n\n1. The term “fake news” should be understood as encompassing many related phenomena, which held together refer to various forms of mis- and disinformation, ranging from deliberate misleading content, over parody, through to news that is ideologically opposed (see Tambini, 2017).\n\n2. Although the material turn has long been underway in the social sciences and humanities, I am well aware that many other (often neighboring) fields and areas of studies have not yet fully acknowledged the power of things or adopted a material sensibility. Within the field of journalism studies, the assertion that “materiality maters” is still a relatively novel claim. Although journalism scholars have talked about the role of technology and computers in news-making for decades, “a renewed interest for materiality has emerged in the last few years” (De Maeyer, 2016: 461). For more on the material turn in journalism studies and the role of nonhumans in journalistic practice and products, see, for example, Anderson (2013), De Mayer (2016), Steensen (2016).\n\n3. Scholars have used a variety of diferent but interrelated concepts to describe this movement toward the algorithmic processing of digital and digitized data, including computational journalism (Diakopoulos, 2015; Karlsen & Stavelin, 2014), data journalism (Fink & Anderson, 2015), data-driven journalism (Parasie, 2015), robot journalism (Carlson, 2015), journalism as programming (Parasie & Dagiral, 2013), and algorithmic journalism (Dörr, 2016). The precise label chosen to describe the intersection between journalism and computing depends, in part, on the specific area of work that is being emphasized (Karlsen & Stavelin, 2014). For example, the terms data journalism and data-driven journalism are most often used to describe an emerging form of storytelling in which journalists combine data analysis with new visualization techniques (Appelgren & Nygren, 2014). Broadly conceived, computational journalism refers to “finding, telling, and disseminating news stories with, by, or about algorithms” (Diakopoulos & Koliska, 2016: 2), and serves as an umbrella term for all kinds of “algorithmic, social scientific, and mathematical forms of newswork” (Anderson, 2013: 1005).\n\n4. Precision journalism was conceived of as “the application of social and behavioral science research methods to the practice of journalism” (Meyer, 2002: 2). Computers and software, Meyer foresaw, would be essential for a new kind of journalism.\n\n5. Although Jefrey Alexander writes “information will be free,” I assume he means “information wants to be free” as this is the iconic phrase atributed to Stewart Brand. Interestingly the first part of the mantra is usually overlooked: “On the one hand information wants to be expensive, because it’s so valuable. The right information in the right place just changes your life. On the other hand, information wants to be free, because the cost of geting it out is geting lower and lower all the time. So you have these two fighting against each other” (Doctorow, 2010).\n\n6. The Scandinavian news media context is characterized by what Hallin and Mancini (2004) describe as the “democratic corporatist” model. According to this model, media are marked by a unique “coexistence” that brings together “the polarized pluralist tendency toward more partisan, opinion-oriented journalism, and the liberal tendency toward a more commercialized, news-driven journalism—often assumed to be ‘naturally’ opposed” (Benson et al., 2012: 22). For more on the Scandinavian context in general, see Syvertsen et al. (2014).\n\n172\n\nNOTES TO PAGES 114–124","previous_page":171,"next_page":173}