{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title":"资本的限度","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508673165","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","uuid":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title":"资本的限度","normalized_title":"资本的限度","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508673165","isbns":["9787508673165"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":735,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%99%90%E5%BA%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/search"},"page":{"printed_page":357,"pdf_page":365,"physical_index":365,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"b641d2c45285cbdf06c4a743830702feba24571b1b82100b0fb8976fb9b3eed5"},"chapter":"第8章 固定资本","content":"例如，他论证了资本家由于争相寻求相对剩余价值，所以被迫要把“旧的劳动工具在它们的自然寿命完结之前”就置换掉，而且这种置换倘若是以“更大的社会规模”发生的，就会“主要”通过“大灾难即危机”来“实行”42(《资本论》第2卷，第170页）。他还提到了“不断实行的改良，这会相对地减低现有机器、工厂设备等等的使用价值，从而减低它们的价值”：这些改良“特别是在采用新机器的初期……具有强烈的影响，因而在机器还没有来得及再生产出自身的价值以前，就不断变得陈旧了”。重置成本的迅速减少也有类似的影响。因此我们发现，“大企业往往要到第一个占有者破产之后，在第二个占有者手里才繁荣起来……这第二个占有者用便宜的价钱把大企业买过来，所以一开头就用较少的投资来开始他的生产”43（《资本论》第3卷，第113—114页)。\n\n在局部危机或全面危机的进程中，固定资本的要素会在或大或小的程度上丧失价值。于是，这构成了“为资本主义生产方式所固有的、阻碍利润率下降并通过新资本的形成来加速资本价值的积累的手段”4（《资本论》第3卷，第249、254页)。简言之，如果总的资本价值构成要在强大的技术变革面前保持稳定，就要迫使一部分固定的不变资本丧失价值。因此，过度积累和价值丧失的概念对固定资本的流通起到了特殊的作用。马克思总结说：\n\n第8章固定资本\n\n222\n\n357","previous_page":356,"next_page":358}