{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title":"资本的限度","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508673165","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","uuid":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title":"资本的限度","normalized_title":"资本的限度","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508673165","isbns":["9787508673165"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":735,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%99%90%E5%BA%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/search"},"page":{"printed_page":393,"pdf_page":401,"physical_index":401,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"2bc6a40d376f6a689a1e85b7f9cd754b4f1e3c9c67b9b33cc26def93e8d7b7a9"},"chapter":"第9章 货币、信用和金融","content":"银行承担了两项基本任务。第一，它为汇票提供了一家中央清算所，从而大大节省了交易成本和流通成本。第二，当银行发行自己的银行券，或者允许人们向它们签发支票时，它们就用自己的保证代替了无数个别资本家的保证。在交换体系相对简单时，个人的知识和个别资本家之间的信任也许可以保证所产生的债务的品质，但在复杂的市场体系中，这就无法构成信用体系的合适基础了。信用曾经只是个人的信任问题和个别资本家的信誉问题，银行却试图把它制度化。大多数发源于个别资本家的汇票都将可以自由地兑换成银行货币。但是银行若要保持自己货币的品质，就必须保留拒绝汇票的权利，因为一些汇票在它看来是有风险的或无价值的。银行对个别资本家的信誉进行了监督，并充当了后者的中介。\n\n但是银行也是相互竞争的私人机构。它们作为商品交换的推动者也必须产生相互关系。它们必须找到一些在彼此之间结算账目的手段。每家银行都可以为了这个目的而保持一定的黄金存量。在正常状况下，黄金储备必须只是流通中的商品总价值的一小部分—只要可以结算银行之间的账目就足够了。然而当市场上的商品价值难以确定时，对充足的货币商品储备的需要就变得更加紧迫了否则银行就有可能破产。另一方面，到处运送并储存黄金是不方便、有风险、无效率的。银行必须找出某种别的办法来使不同的银行货币可以自由地相互兑换。\n\n第9章－货币信用和金融\n\n393","previous_page":392,"next_page":394}