{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title":"资本的限度","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508673165","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","id":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","uuid":"228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title":"资本的限度","normalized_title":"资本的限度","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787508673165","isbns":["9787508673165"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":735,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%99%90%E5%BA%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/228f0c0d-2779-4136-9d68-0e7616b3a34f/search"},"page":{"printed_page":84,"pdf_page":92,"physical_index":92,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"45647c3487efdaa17b72a011a6de85b958474116fd2daed2e81c5652ad71de25"},"chapter":"第1章 商品、价值与阶级关系","content":"资本家也可以通过获取相对剩余价值来积累资本。马克思识别出了两种形式。当生产“工资品”劳动者需要的商品—的行业的劳动生产率上升时，劳动力的价值就会下降。绝对的生活水平这是通过劳动者可以掌控的物质产品和服务的量来衡量的保持不变：只有交换比例（价格）和价值改变了。然而，工资品的系统性降价不是个别资本家力所能及的。他们需要某种阶级策略（针对基本商品的补贴、廉价食品和廉价住房的政策等等)，这种形式的相对剩余价值才能转变成一种系统性地加快积累的手段，而不是零星出现的、不受控制的手段。\n\n第二种形式的相对剩余价值处于个别资本家的掌握之内。个人可以改变社会必要劳动时间与他们自己的私人生产成本之间的差距。资本家只要运用更高级的生产工艺，使劳动生产率高于平均水平，就可以获得超额利润，因为交易的价格是按照社会平均水平来设定的，而他们的单位生产成本大大低于社会平均水平。这种形式的相对剩余价值具有转瞬即逝的倾向，因为竞争会迫使其他生产者追赶上来或退出市场。但只要在生产率方面保持领先，个别资本家就可以加快自己的积累，超过社会平均水平。这也就解释了为什么“只是关心生产剩余价值的资本家，总是力求”通过提升劳动生产率来“降低商品的交换价值”73（《资本论》第1卷，第320页）。\n\n资本的限度\n\n31\n\n084","previous_page":83,"next_page":85}