{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8","title":"技术体系：理性的社会生活","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787552024104","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8","id":"231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8","uuid":"231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8","title":"技术体系：理性的社会生活","normalized_title":"技术体系理性的社会生活","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787552024104","isbns":["9787552024104"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":328,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%EF%BC%9A%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/231a69de-8526-4d34-8fa7-231b09af93a8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":36,"pdf_page":52,"physical_index":52,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"337383fe5cd14b09f3584d2eeeaefd9998c3dc02221235b7d9887af78f360aab"},"chapter":"第一章福柯之后的马克思","content":"卢梭的论据的新意在于，他证明了合理性和偏向可以共存，而不是作为彼此的替代物互相反对。马克思使用复杂得多的分析手段将类似的批判策略扩大到经济学和技术。他的进路要求一种新“形式的”偏向概念，我用这个概念指对合理秩序的歧视性效果的批判。形式的偏向隐藏在合理体系的方方面面，只有在历史的和域境的分析中才显现出来。这不是以伪-事实或叙事神话为基础的成见的问题；而毋宁是指体系的设计使歧视性原则对象化。例如，执行和安排有文化偏向测试的那些人，不一定要他们自己对它有成见才能产生有偏向的结果。诚然，在实质性偏向的案例中，声称这种测试是公正的，这就是意识形态的，但是相信这个意识形态并不是歧视的原因；而毋宁说，测试本身是歧视性的。\n\n类似的考虑也包含在马克思对市场的批判中。他承认市场的合理一致性，就像他那个时代的资产阶级政治经济学所解释的那样。根据这个学说，平均而言，每件东西都根据其价值出售，包括劳动。但是在1844年他已经引用“一个当前的经济事实。工人生产的财富越多，他就越贫穷”。①这个事实暗示着被隐藏的偏向，马克思将它归于劳动力市场的结构。但是如何揭示赋予等价交换原则的偏向呢?哈贝马斯(Habermas)已经简洁地总结了马克思在发展他的批判时所面临的问题：“市场机制承诺，交换关系将是而且正因为是等价的……而存在。互惠原则本身就是生产和再生产领域的组织原则。”①根据数学等价与道德互惠的共存，市场被合法化为自然的和善的。\n\n36\n\n技术体系：理性的社会生活\n\n① Karl Marx, Karl Marx: Early Writings, ed. and trans. T. Bottomore (London: C. A. Watts, 1963), 121.","previous_page":35,"next_page":null}