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Bratton","content":"42. In a way, geopolitical reality is only catching up with the anticipations of the science fiction that has already explored the proliferation and institutionalization of data havens and data infrastructures, “ community clouds, ” cloud-based microreligions and macrostates, and others. I believe that Bruce Sterling coined the term data haven in his 1989 novel, Islands in the Net, and Neal Stephenson developed the notion closer to the normalization of an emergent political geography in Snow Crash (1992), in which characters pop in and out of passport-granting microstates, not bound to specific lands but instead distributed on street corners like 7-11s (the protagonist frequents one of these known as Mr. Lee ’ s Hong Kong). Later in Stephenson ’ s sprawling Cryptonomicon, the transhistorical plot stretches from Alan Turing ’ s war years to the present day and locates a data haven in the fictional country of Kinatua, located between Borneo and the Philippines (domain .kk). In the real world, HavenCo operated from the self-declared sovereignty of the oil platforms of Sealand, while Freenet, a distributed encrypted network, tries to support a secured flow of information over public and private lines. While new micromodels of civil (or uncivil) society may well emerge from these miscellaneous jurisdictional folds and seams within the legal and extralegal geographical fabrics of globalization, they also couch and host the darkest repercussions of the tooth-and-claw libertarianism on which some are founded. For example, the US Federal Trade Commission recently shut down 3FN, a company based in Belize, which had run a lucrative business based largely the hosting and distribution of spam, malware, spyware, and, more disturbing, hundreds of gigabytes of images and videos of child sexual abuse. The street finds a way. However, unlike these interstitial pirate “ free-zones, ” the global platforms of Cloud Polis are not a confederation of alternative tactics. To the contrary, they are the normative architecture from which the exception bends.\n\n43. The relevant passage reads, “ Management of Identification resources, 31B 3A.2 Member States shall have equal rights to manage the Internet, including in regard to the allotment, assignment and reclamation of Internet numbering, naming, addressing and identification resources and to support for the operation and development of basic Internet infrastructure. ” See McTim, “ It’s Not Paranoia If They Are Really After You! ” CircleID (blog), December 9, 2012, http:// www.circleid.com/posts/20121209\\_it\\_is\\_not\\_paranoia\\_if\\_they\\_are\\_really\\_after\\_you/.\n\n44. We might take this in the sense of “ constituent ” and “ constitutive ” violence as described in Walter Benjamin, “ The Critique of Violence, ” in Reflections Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, ed. Peter Demetz (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 277 – 300.\n\n45. Consider how Iraqi insurgent groups managed to tap into coalition surveillance and communication satellites as well as aerial drone camera feeds using the Russian off-the-shelf software, SkyGrabber, which sells for \\$26. See Charles Arthur, “ SkyGrabber: The \\$26 Software Used by Insurgents to Hack into US Drones, ” Guardian, December 17, 2009, http://www.theguardian .com/technology/2009/dec/17/skygrabber-software-drones-hacked.\n\n46. Umberto Eco, “ The Holy War: Mac vs. DOS, La bustina di Minerva, ” L ’ Espresso, September 30,   \n1994. See also http://cliffarnold.com/macvdos.pdf.\n\n47. There are certainly other Cloud platforms to consider as possible Cloud Polis models, and certainly not nearly all of them are US megaplatforms. A word on Twitter, which I view as too onedimensional to compare to the others ’ more grandiose geopolitical potentials: It may be better compared to a critical insect species in a larger ecology, moving memes from place to place, like bees pollinating flowers. It never builds more than simple clusters on its own, but without it, more complex architectures would decay. For some time, I ’ ve argued that Twitter mustn ’ t overlook the nonhuman user base and that its potential as a universal platform for the Internet of Things may prove an equally important function as human-human threads.\n\n400\n\nNotes","previous_page":399,"next_page":401}