{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","uuid":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","normalized_title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","isbns":["7806573151"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":310,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/search"},"page":{"printed_page":204,"pdf_page":223,"physical_index":223,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"ea6c6b9db3c59243f80ecb626fb4ab8d4ad674024d97d1325f3abc92c0aecddc"},"chapter":"现代性与大屠杀","content":"如果害一个人包括直接的身体接触，那么因无视行为和受害人之痛苦的因果联系而带来的舒适就无法被执行者体会到。这种因果联系是赤裸裸且一目了然的，因此对于痛苦的责任也是如此。在米格拉姆的实验中，当被试者被告知强行抓住受害者的手放在所谓实施电击的镀板上时，只有百分之三十的人坚持到实验的最后，完成了命令。而在只要求他们扳动控制台上的控制杆以代替抓住受害者的手的时候，服从者的比例上升到百分之四十。当把受害者藏在一堵墙之后，只能听到他们佯装的惨叫时，准备“看到最后”的被试者数量就跃升至百分之六十二点五。而关掉声音后并没有使百分比推进太多一只到了百分之六十五。这好像在说我们主要是用眼睛在感觉。和受害者在身体上与心理上的距离越远，就越容易变得残酷。米格拉姆的结论简单而又有说服力。\n\n在被试者和电击受害者的结果之间插入任何力量或者事件都会使参与者降低他们的紧张，并因此减少违抗的数量。在现代社会，常有其他人站在我们和那些我们也有份的最终具有破坏性的行为之间。⑤\n\n事实上，我们这个理性社会最突出也最自豪地展示的成就就是对行动的中介化，在权威等级描绘与划分的阶段之间将行动分离，并依据功能的专门化切割行动。米格拉姆的发现的意义在于，理性化的进程内在地、不可避免地促进了结果是野蛮和残酷的行为的产生，即使行为的意向并非如此。行动的组织越是理性，行为就越容易制造痛苦—而个人却保持着平静。\n\n⑤米格拉姆，《服从权威》，p.121。\n\n204","previous_page":203,"next_page":205}