{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","uuid":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","normalized_title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","isbns":["7806573151"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":310,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/search"},"page":{"printed_page":210,"pdf_page":229,"physical_index":229,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"c50204f9c3a1377905694c6ab765895f6e394035a225e099f3e6c0cba803cb78"},"chapter":"现代性与大屠杀","content":"在权威的官僚体系内，关于道德的语言有了新的词汇。它充斥着像忠诚、义务、纪律这样的概念全部都朝向上级。上级是道德关怀的最高目标，同时又是最高的道德权威。事实上，它们全部可归结为一点：忠诚意味着在纪律规范的限制下尽个人的义务。当它们凝聚并相互强化的时候，作为道德准则，它们的力量大到能够废止与排斥其他所有道德考虑的程度—首先就是那些与权威体系对自我再生产的倾注相左的伦理问题。它们划拨、驾驭以实现官僚体系的利益，并垄断了所有道德自我约束的通常的社会一心理手段。如米格拉姆所言，“下属感到耻辱还是光荣依赖于他有多么恰当地实施了权威所要求的行动……超我从评价行为的善与恶转到评估个人在权威体系中的功能行使得好还是坏。”⑧\n\n接下来与广泛的理解相反的是，权威的官僚体系并不是如此这般地作用于道德规范，也不把道德规范当做与高效行为的冷酷理性有根本冲突的非理性和情感化的压力而把它废除。相反，它利用它们——或者，更确切地说，是重新利用它们。官僚体系的双重技艺就是伴随着否定非技术问题的道德意义，而使技术道德化。正是行动的技术而不是它的实质受到了好与坏、恰当与不恰当、对与错的评价。行动者的良心告诉他要表现良好，促使他以准确无误地遵循组织规则和积极投入于上司规定的任务来衡量自己的正当性。在米格拉姆的实验中，阻挡被试者的其他的、“旧式的”良知，并有效地遏制了他们停下来的冲动的是一种替代性良知(substitute conscience)。在“研究价值”或者“实验的需要”等要求，以及如果不适时地中断会导致什么样的损失的警告下，这种良知被实验员拼合了起来。在实验中，它是被迅速地拼合起来的(没有一个人的实验超过了一小时)，且被证明具有惊人的效果。\n\n⑧ 米格拉姆，《服从权威》，pp.142,146。\n\n210","previous_page":209,"next_page":211}