{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","uuid":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","normalized_title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","isbns":["7806573151"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":310,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/search"},"page":{"printed_page":218,"pdf_page":237,"physical_index":237,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"d2af5e1c1b785d4def9f82442f4689b4ccb80750edfa1f20f93e2acf6c092ef1"},"chapter":"现代性与大屠杀","content":"如果在米格拉姆之后对此还存有一些疑问的话，那么只要认真看一下齐姆巴多在另外一个实验中的发现，就可以彻底打消这些疑问。在那个实验中，甚至潜在的干扰性因素，即体现在实验员身上的、受到普遍尊敬的制度(科学)的权威也被消除了。在实验当中，没有任何外在的、既定的权威要从被试者肩上卸去责任。在他的实验情境中最终起作用的所有权威都产生于被试者自己。齐姆巴多所做的惟一一件事就是把被试者分派在编排好的互动模式的各个位置上，然后开启整个过程。\n\n在他的实验中(原计划两周，但是一周之后，因害怕对被试者造成身体和精神上不可治愈的创伤而终止)，自愿者被随意分成犯人与看守。两边都发了代表其身份的象征性装饰。比如，犯人戴着很紧的帽子表示光头，还要穿着使他们看上去滑稽可笑的长袍。他们的看守则身披制服，眼戴墨镜，让他们的眼睛不为犯人所见。两边都不允许称呼对方的姓名；严格的非人格性成为规则。并且开列了很长的总是羞辱犯人和剥夺他们个人尊严的细小规则。这就是实验的起点。而接下来发生的事情则大大超过了设计者想像力的范围。看守们(任意挑选的大学生年龄段的男子，且经过仔细地甄别以防止任何反常的迹象)的积极性无休无止。贝特森(Gregory Bateson)曾假设过的一种真正的“派系分裂之链”开始被启动。在看守身上被认可的优越性表现在犯人身上就是服从，这种服从又诱使看守得寸进尺地使用他们的权力，而这在犯人那边则当然又折射出更为严重的自卑……看守强迫犯人一再地唱淫秽歌曲，在不允许倒掉的便桶里解手，光着手打扫厕所；这些事情他们做得越多，就越使他们确信犯人非人的特征，而在创造与施加更骇人听闻的野蛮手段的时候就越发少地感到有所约束。\n\n参看哈恩尼、班克斯和齐姆巴多，“模拟监狱中的人际动力”(CraigHaney，Curtis Banks, & Philip Zimbardo, Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison'),《国际犯罪学与刑罚学学报》(International Journal of Criminology and Penology)，vo1. I , 1973, pp. 69—97。\n\n218","previous_page":217,"next_page":219}