{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","uuid":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","normalized_title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","isbns":["7806573151"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":310,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/search"},"page":{"printed_page":224,"pdf_page":243,"physical_index":243,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"c969b57deb45315345b81668aa7ddccd7229ec76c87b62982ffb4796ace895b8"},"chapter":"现代性与大屠杀","content":"乍看起来，涂尔干（他对道德现象的论述成为社会学成就中的经典，并实质性地界定了研究道德的特别的社会学方法所包含的意义）拒绝了把规范与需要相联系的要求；毕竟，他确实尖锐地批评过公认的观点，即在一个特定社会中有约束力的道德规范必定是通过自觉（更不用说理性）的分析与选择而得到了它们的强制性力量的。与当时的人种学常识明显相反，涂尔干强调道德本质应该到它所表现的强制力量中去寻找，而不是到社会成员欲图满足自己需要的理性反应中去寻找；规范之所以是规范不是因为它适合被选来激发和保护成员们的利益，而是因为成员——通过学习，或者通过违犯后所招致的苦果—一自己确信了它那带有强迫力的存在。不过，涂尔干对已有的道德现象之解释的批评并没有把目标放在反对那种“理性的解释”原则本身。它对于社会学中的还原论更少触动。由此看来，涂尔于与已有的解释研究之间的分歧只不过是代表了一种家族内的争论。那表面上看来的根本分歧，终究只不过是把重心从个人的需要移到了社会的需要；或者，是给某种最高的需要赋予了超过其他一切需要（无论是个人的还是群体的）的优先性，那就是：社会整合的需要。任何道德体系都注定有利于社会的继续存在和一致性的维持，社会也通过社会化与惩罚性制裁来加强道德体系的约束力量。社会的绵延就是通过强加在社会成员自然的（非社会的、前社会的）取向之上的限制来获得并维持的：即强迫他们的行为不与保持社会团结的需要相冲突。\n\n224","previous_page":223,"next_page":225}