{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","id":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","uuid":"2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title":"现代性与大屠杀","normalized_title":"现代性与大屠杀","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7806573151","isbns":["7806573151"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":310,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/2d9d6c76-db52-4017-b0f5-0c012168939d/search"},"page":{"printed_page":34,"pdf_page":53,"physical_index":53,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"f6fa7ae5c0c608cbed70031a79a7dcb62ee7d54b964cae6ff55d9d0814f68197"},"chapter":"现代性与大屠杀","content":"作为现代社会最显著和最基本的一个特征。意图和实际完成之间有很大的距离，两者之间的空间里充满了大量的细微行为和不相干的行动者。“中间人”挡住了行动者的目光，让他看不见行为的结果。\n\n结果就是出现了许多没有人去自觉承担的行为。对这些行为是为了他们而做的那些人而言，它们只存在于口头上或者想像当中；他不会承认这些行为是他自己的，因为他从来没有经历过它们。而另一方面，实际做这些行为的人则会把它们看成别人的行为，而他自已只不过是一个外来意志的无可指责的工具罢了……\n\n由于对其自身行为缺乏直观的认识，即使最睿智的人也要坠入一个道德空白：抽象的邪恶感既不是一个可靠的向导也不是一个适当的动机……我们不应该对善良人的大量且多数出于无意的残暴感到惊奇…\n\n值得注意的是，当我们看到错误的行为或者严重的不公平时却无法辨认出来。使我们吃惊的是，我们每个人做的都是无害的行为，怎么会产生这些错误行为和不公…要承认谋划或者促成这一切的人和群体常常不存在是困难的。而通过我们行为的遥远结果来判断它们怎样有助于制造痛苦则是更加困难的。\n\n行为与其后果之间的身体和(或)精神距离的增加超过了道德自抑发挥作用的程度；它抹杀了行为的道德意义，因而预先避免了个人所持的道德正当标准与行为的社会后果不道德性之间的一切冲突。随着大多数具有社会意义的行为得到了一长串复杂的因果和功能依赖关系的中介，道德困境消失在视野之中，而做进一步检审和有意识道德选择的机会也就越来越少了。\n\n拉赫斯，《现代社会中的个人责任》(John Lachs，Responsibility of the Individual in Modern Society), Brighton: Harvester, 1981, pp. 12—3, 58。\n\n34","previous_page":33,"next_page":35}