{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe","title":"Zombie Capitalism Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781608461042","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe","id":"4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe","uuid":"4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe","title":"Zombie Capitalism Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx","normalized_title":"zombiecapitalismglobalcrisisandtherelevanceofmarx","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781608461042","isbns":["9781608461042"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":426,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Zombie%20Capitalism%20Global%20Crisis%20and%20the%20Relevance%20of%20Marx","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/4a3d22bd-c5b9-47a4-a022-bd35d44d9bfe/search"},"page":{"printed_page":157,"pdf_page":157,"physical_index":157,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"7e7affd34b60f5cb82bf7e04e55c132f5bc045d15eb45a5fc64e22b77a0200db"},"chapter":"Zombie Capitalism Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx","content":"1 939, and in 1943 the state was responsible for 90 percent of all investment.54 Again a militarised state-dominated economy seemed to provide answers to the problems that had faced the economy before the war. Nine million unemployed became less than one million within three years, and there was a growth in the civilian economy despite the vast expenditure on non-productive output. Total output doubled between 1940 and 1943, and consumer expenditure in 1 943-even when measured in 1940 prices-exceeded those of earlier years.ss The war economy could achieve what eight years of the New Deal could not-full employment of the productive capacity of the largest of the ageing capitalisms. As John Kenneth Galbraith has noted, \"The Great Depression of the 30s never came to an end. It merely disappeared in the great mobilisation of the 40s\" .s6\n\nThe Russian variant\n\nThere was one other major economy where state direction seemed to provide an alternative to being torn apart in the maelstrom of the world system. This was the USSR. In the 1 930s nearly all commentators saw it as based on radically different principles to those of Western capitalism-and this view persisted among many right up until its implosion in 1989-9 1 . The right defined it simply as \"totalitarian\", as if there was no dynamic to its economy, and many on the left adopted a mirror image view, speaking of it as \"communist\" or \"socialist\", or those who were more critical as \"post-capitalist\"s7 or a \"degenerated workers' state\"s8• All these different approaches assumed a high degree of continuity between the Soviet system as it operated in the 1930s and the revolutionary state established in 1 9 1 7.\n\nBut the central mechanisms directing the Soviet economy were not established during the revolution, but in 1928-9 under the impact of a profound economic and political crisis. By that time little remained of the revolutionary democracy that had characterised the country in the immediate aftermath of the October Revolution of 1917. A new bureaucratic layer had increasingly concentrated power in its own hands amidst the devastation of an already economically backward country suffering from three years of world war followed by three years of civil war. Nevertheless, the driving force behind the economy through to the mid-1 920s remained the production of goods to satisfy the needs of the population, and living standards rose from the abysmal levels of the war and civil war years, even if bureaucrats' living standards rose disproportionately more than those of workers and peasants.\n\nThe Great Slump\n\n157","previous_page":156,"next_page":158}