{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","title":"马克思的价值：当代资本主义经济学批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787520180269","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","id":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","uuid":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","title":"马克思的价值：当代资本主义经济学批判","normalized_title":"马克思的价值当代资本主义经济学批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787520180269","isbns":["9787520180269"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":244,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%EF%BC%9A%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/search"},"page":{"printed_page":101,"pdf_page":108,"physical_index":108,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"d75e4dbe5e8c810702dc32ac15744c58d9870f42e85c8ed2d365983e2ae55518"},"chapter":"第五章 价值、价格和剥削","content":"大生产总是把劳动平均化。前资本主义生产模式下大生产只是例外，它以碎片化和小规模生产为特征；资本主义条件下大规模生产已经普遍化。再者，唯有在资本主义条件下，公司才与生产相同货物的其他公司在广阔市场上展开竞争，这迫使公司强制推行更严格的生产标准和强制推行创新（本章第二节）以求得生存。\n\n由生产和交换产生的这些压力，使得资本主义生产中使用的雇佣劳动规范化。劳动规范化是个双重过程：一方面，如前所述，它是每个公司和每个部门的劳动生产率的平均化；②另一方面，规范化涵盖了每个公司和每个部门在每种商品的社会化生产过程中完成的所有劳动。\n\n认识到这一事实——生产同一种使用价值时劳动被规范化了—在价值分析上有三个重要结果。\n\n第一，确定着价值的劳动时间是由社会而不是由个人决定的；商品价值表达了生产每种商品所必需的抽象劳动时间，而不是任何单个的工人或公司生产物品的某个样本所需要的具体劳动时间。①\n\n第五章价值、价格和剥削\n\n①参见Capital1（pp.464-465)。换言之，“一切资本主义生产……有一个共同点，即不是工人使用劳动条件，相反地，而是劳动条件使用工人，不过这种颠倒只是随着机器的采用才取得了在技术上很明显的现实性。由于劳动资料转化为自动机，它就在劳动过程本身中作为资本，作为支配和吮吸活劳动力的死劳动而同工人相对立”(Capital 1，p. 548)。还可以参见pp. 468-469，1012和Aglietta(1979, p. 113)。\n\n②从定义看，同一行业或同一部门的公司生产同样的使用价值。\n\n101","previous_page":100,"next_page":102}