{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","title":"马克思的价值：当代资本主义经济学批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787520180269","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","id":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","uuid":"4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","title":"马克思的价值：当代资本主义经济学批判","normalized_title":"马克思的价值当代资本主义经济学批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787520180269","isbns":["9787520180269"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":244,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%EF%BC%9A%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/4ec17d87-0309-41de-9bb0-d3dffb1b81da/search"},"page":{"printed_page":81,"pdf_page":88,"physical_index":88,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"3116dd72729157a3c797fc0aecfaf5a0390f11dcabdd952fe0a0bc3ea7756ab7"},"chapter":"第四章 工资和剥削","content":"第四章 工资和剥削\n\n剩余价值理论是马克思价值分析中最重要、引发争论最多的一个方面。本书第三章第二节证明了剩余价值是被资本家所占有的那部分社会价值产品。工人创造的价值和劳动力价值之间的差别就是剩余价值。\n\n本章将用三部分分析资本主义剥削中的两个基本要素—工资系统和劳动力价值。第一部分详细阐释资本主义的剥削；第二部分分析劳动力价值，并简要评述对这一概念的其他理解；第三部分得出主要结论。\n\n第一节 雇佣劳动和剥削\n\n从分配的观点看，可以从三个层面归纳并衡量资本主义的剥削：物质层面、宏观货币层面和价值层面。①\n\n本书第二章第一节和第三章第二节讨论了物质层面的剥削。简要地说，如果社会产品的一部分被非生产者阶级所占有，那么就存在剥削，无论这种占有是在习俗法律规约、强力恫吓抑或若拒不服从则有可能扰乱社会再生产等条件下实现的。通常这些条件由于相互作用而被强化。例如，在古代，习俗和法律认可奴隶制；奴隶制的存在依赖于常规性的使用强力，即便在家长制作风的体系内，桀骜不驯的奴隶也常常受酷刑、被折磨、被处死。直到最后，奴隶的反抗使最大最富有成效的生产单位陷入瘫痪，使社会不稳定并提出这个问题国家是否合法，导致经济困难，并且潜在地引发内战。\n\n① 为简便起见，若没有其他说明，所有工人都被假定为生产工人；参见第三章第二节。\n\n81","previous_page":80,"next_page":82}