{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":137,"pdf_page":151,"physical_index":151,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"98c2c2c42e49d36ef31258755a3996f92d31009984c530982820e5de1e37b435"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"Lefebvre argues that since the rise of industrialism, signals have invaded everyday life and have tried to programme everyday life (CEL2, 300). Lefebvre associates signals with the instrumental reason of quantification and computability. He imagines that cyberneticians could create “a gigantic machine” that processes signals and tries to regulate and control everyday life (300). Lefebvre anticipated discussions about digital surveillance and big data capitalism (see Fuchs 2021b).\n\nThe next section discusses everyday life and everyday communication in capitalism.\n\n5.4 Everyday Life and Communication in Capitalism\n\n5.4.1 Alienation\n\nAlienation is Marx’s most general category of critique. Whereas for Hegel contradiction is alienation, for Marx alienation is a type of social contradiction (CEL1, 70). It involves both exploitation and domination, the economic and the non-economic (see Fuchs 2018). It is not just specific for capitalism but for all dominative and class societies. Lefebvre (CEL2, 206–216) provides a definition of alienation: Alienation stops groups from “fully ‘appropriating’ the conditions in which they exist and keep them below their possibilities” (209). Alienation dehumanises human (CEL1, 180). Lefebvre argues there are many forms of alienation, not just economic alienation (CEL1, 52–83; CEL2, 206–216) but also, for example, social, political, ideological, or philosophical alienation (CEL1, 249). For Lefebvre, alienation is a process and reification a state. Reification is the result of and condition that shapes alienation. Alienation stands in a dialectical relation to disalienation. “The worst alienation is when the alienation itself is non-conscious (or unrecognized)” (CEL2, 208). Reification “both defines and disguises all alienations” (209). Lukács (1971) terms unrecognised alienation reified consciousness of the proletariat.\n\nBased on Lefebvre’s insight that there are multiple levels of society and alienation, we can identify three types of alienation: exploitation (economic alienation), domination (political alienation), and ideology (cultural alienation). All three forms have in common that not humans cannot control their conditions of existence that shape their lives. A privileged group with partial interests controls these conditions and derives benefit at the expense of everyday people. Table 5.4 opposes alienated societies to humanistic societies. It summarises the three types of alienation and relates them to the social character. The social character is a common type of social action and psychological disposition characteristic for a particular social group (Fromm 1965). Alienated societies are class and dominative societies. Humanist societies are non-dominative and post-class societies. Socialism is a humanism. True humanism is socialism.\n\nChapter Five | Communication in Everyday (Digital) Life\n\n137\n\nEveryday Life and Communication in Capitalism","previous_page":136,"next_page":138}