{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":161,"pdf_page":175,"physical_index":175,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"4a56ff0f873645d85a06925a34441eb1e8f792cff685b5d922da678a79c39484"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"Given the complex, networked, and transnational reality of labour required for the existence and usage of digital media, a concept of digital labour is needed that can reflect these realities. One needs to go beyond cultural-idealist approaches that only focus on user-generated content and see how content production is grounded in industrial and agricultural labour and how the appropriation of nature in this respect interacts with culture. For adequately studying digital labour and digital media in general, a cultural-materialist approach is needed (Fuchs 2013, 2013a; Fuchs and Sandoval 2014; Maxwell and Miller 2012). Given these preliminary assumptions, one can provide a definition of digital work and digital labour (see Fuchs 2014a, 2015; Fuchs and Sandoval 2014; Fuchs and Sevignani 2013):\n\n• Digital work is all activity that creates digital media or uses them for creating use-values that satisfy human needs.\n\n• Digital labour is alienated digital work: it is alienated from itself, from the instruments and objects of labour and from the products of labour. Alienation is alienation of the subject from itself (labour-power is put to use for and is controlled by capital), alienation from the object (the objects of labour and the instruments of labour) and the subject-object (the products of labour).\n\nThe digital labour debate has been accompanied a resurgent interest in Dallas Smythe’s concept of audience labour and audience commodification for explaining the role of targeted advertising on social media (see Fuchs 2012b). In this context notions such as prosumer labour (Fuchs 2010, 2014c, 2015) have been used.\n\nProsumer labour on social media differs in a number of respects from audience labour in broadcasting:\n\n• Creativity and social relations: Broadcasting audiences produce meanings of programmes, whereas social media prosumers not just produce meanings but also content, communications with other users, and social relations.\n\n• Surveillance: Broadcasting requires audience measurements, which are approximations, in order to sell audiences as commodities. Social media corporations monitor, store, and assess all online activities of users on their platforms and also on other platforms. They have very detailed profiles of users’ activities, interests, communications, and social relations. Constant real-time surveillance of users is an inherent feature of prosumers labour on capitalist social media. Personal data are sold as a commodity. Measuring audiences has in broadcasting and print traditionally been based on studies with small samples of audience members. Measuring and monitoring user behaviour on social media is constant, total, and algorithmic (Allmer 2014; Allmer, Fuchs, Kreilinger and Sevignani 2014; Fuchs 2012a; Fuchs and Sevignani 2013).\n\nChapter Six | Dallas Smythe and Digital Labour\n\n161\n\nAudience Labour","previous_page":160,"next_page":162}