{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":23,"pdf_page":37,"physical_index":37,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"970c10ce2126359a28a4d83e6f359d579bd947d1dae8638819eaa11a6397ee36"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"In a capitalist society, powerful actors control natural resources, economic property, political decision-making, and cultural meaning-making, which has resulted in the accumulation of power, inequalities, and global problems, including environmental pollution as well as the degradation and depletion of natural resources in the naturesociety-relation, socio-economic inequality in the economic system, dictatorships and war in the political system, ideology and misrecognition in the cultural system.\n\nUndeniably the outlined model of capitalist society has certain parallels to and has to some degree been influenced by Pierre Bourdieu’s (1984) work (see Fuchs 2003, 2008). Bourdieu has generalised Marx’s approach and stresses the importance of accumulation processes in the creation of inequality. But he went a step too far and overgeneralised the notions of capital and class so that they are not specific to the capitalist economy but features of contemporary society in general. For Bourdieu, there are economic, political/ social, cultural, and symbolic forms of capital and dimensions of class. In my own approach, class and capital are economic categories. I share Bourdieu’s insight that accumulation is a key feature of the logic of capitalist society. Bourdieu focused many of his analyses on cultural capital. My approach in contrast is interested in the analysis of society as a capitalist totality, its accumulation processes, antagonisms, and struggles.\n\nRobert L. Heilbroner’s Definition of Capitalism\n\nRobert L. Heilbroner (2018; see also 1985) defines capitalism as “a system of social domination” (2018, p. 1380) and a “historical formation with distinctive political and cultural as well as economic properties” (p. 1383) whose “organizing principle is the ceaseless accumulation of capital” (p. 1380) and that is characterised by the accumulation of wealth as commodities that takes on the form of the “never-ending metamorphosis” M-C-M’ (p. 1379) (money capital is invested, which results in the production of commodities that are sold so that more money capital M’ that contains a surplus-value and profit is produced), the institution of the private property of the means of production (p. 1379), the institution of the wage-labour-contract (p. 1379) and the “propertyless waged labor force” (p. 1380), the capitalist class that is both an economic and a political force (p. 1379), the division between the two realms of the capitalist economy and the state that interact dialectically (pp. 1381–1382), as well as a culture characterised by the “calculating mind-set” (p. 1382) and “the pre-dominance of a prudent, accountant-like comparison of costs and benefits” (p. 1382) and the separation of scientific, political, economic and moral belief systems so that the “ideology of economics” emerged that removes the “problem of good and evil” from political economy and relegates it to the realm of morality (p. 1383). Further immanent features of capitalism that Heilbroner identifies include its “constant revolutionizing of the techniques of production and its continuous commodification of material life” (Heilbroner 2018, 1384), the global expansion of capitalism so that there is a global search for cheap labour-power, cheap raw materials and markets for the sale of commodities (p. 1385), and economic crisis tendencies (p. 1386).\n\nChapter One | Introduction: What is Digital Capitalism?\n\n23\n\nWhat is Capitalism?","previous_page":22,"next_page":24}