{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":237,"pdf_page":251,"physical_index":251,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"c9c5656ad85fc718a529efd72b50d013eb001c29a63b1141ee4182d3301ae96a"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"If reproductive labour were paid at the average wage, then profits would dwindle and capitalism would not be able to survive. This fact shows on the one hand the importance of reproductive labour in capitalism. On the other hand it also indicates capitalism’s inherent drive and need to create milieus of unpaid labour in order to survive. Another measure is the rate of reproductive labour. It measures the ratio between unpaid reproductive labour-time and wage-labour’s surplus-labour-time. For the analysed data, the rate of reproductive labour is 5.14, which means that reproductive labour-time in the total economy is 5.14 times as large as wage-labour’s surplus-labour-time.\n\nTable 10.1 indicates that, on average, each person in the USA engages in 44.53 hours of reproductive labour per week. Commercial media use accounts for 38.75% of this time, which shows that advertising dominates a very significant portion of our lifetime. In 2015, global advertising revenue was £308 billion (Ofcom 2016, figure 1.21). Television advertising totalled £106 billion (34.4%) and online advertising £102 billion (33.1%) (Ofcom 2016, figure 1.21). So TV and the Internet are the two most profitable realms of advertising. At the level of human activities, this results from the fact that we spend large amounts of our free time watching television and using social media: On average, Americans watch 19.5 hours of television per week and spend 12.4 hours on social media (see table 10.1). A significant share of reproductive labour is television audience labour and social media digital labour.\n\nA very important part of housework is made up by household activities such as food preparation, cleaning, lawn and garden care, and household management. According to statistics, US women in 2015 spent on average 48 minutes more time on such activities than men (men: 1.43 hours per day, women: 2.23 hours per day)<sup>1</sup>. Another important activity is caring for and helping others. Whereas, US men spent 0.47 hours per day on caring for and helping others, the amount for women was 0.91 hours. Shopping took up 0.6 hours per day for men and 0.88 hours for women. Taking the averages of these three types of activities allows us to estimate that US women tend to be responsible for, on average, 60% of reproductive labour and men 40%. Reproductive labour is both gendered and racialised. It is predominantly a realm of women, and in the case of paid reproductive labour, low-paid migrant workers and workers of colour form a proportionally very large share of the workforce. Capitalism is inherently connected to patriarchy and racism. The next section further explores this connection in the context of digital labour.\n\nChapter Ten | Capitalism, Patriarchy, Slavery\n\n237\n\nSlavery and Racism in the Age of Digital Labour\n\n1 Source: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.t01.htm (accessed on 29 October 2016).","previous_page":236,"next_page":238}