{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":247,"pdf_page":261,"physical_index":261,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"4d64efb7059378f65041f8f69ddb43543408f7aa902f3259090264291c3601db"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"Capitalism is based on the capitalist class’s appropriation of surplus-labour and surplus-value. Given that the working day consist of two parts, necessary labour and surplus-labour, that is paid labour and unpaid labour, all labour in capitalism contains unpaid labour. It is in the capitalist class’s interest to maximise unpaid labour-time. Étienne Balibar (2013) argues in this context that “what characterises capitalism is a normalisation of overexploitation. The reverse side of this is a class struggle that tends to impose limits”. The sustenance and creation of forms of labour that are completely unpaid or have a high degree of unpaid labour-time should therefore be understood as being part of this capitalist tendency to normalise over-exploitation. Unpaid digital labour is one of the newest manifestations of this tendency. Balibar concludes that “we should question the axiom” of “the distinction of productive and unproductive labor”. Theories of digital labour, just like theories of reproductive labour, are a contribution to this endeavour.\n\nSandoval (2013) provides a typology with 14 dimensions that are relevant for a systematic analysis of labour in capitalism. These dimensions can be grouped into the categories of means of production, workforce, relations of production, production process, results of production, and the role of the state. Table 10.4 builds on Sandoval’s typology. It uses a compressed version of her typology and adds to it the dimension of ideology that focuses on how justifications for the exploitation of specific forms of labour appear and are presented in public. The typology used in table 10.4 focuses on economic, political, and cultural/ideological dimensions of labour. It summarises the discussion of this chapter.\n\nThe control and coercion of labour works with both political-economic and ideological means. Political-economic means include physical violence, sexual violence, monopoly power, social violence, and the labour market’s structural violence. The discussion has shown that in the IDDL, we can find all of these forms of violence. Ideological repression takes on specific forms in the IDDL.\n\nClassical commodity fetishism does not allow workers and consumers to immediately experience all the forms of exploitation that are underlying the IDDL. In the usage of social media, there is just like in housework an inverse form of commodity fetishism that veils the role of the commodity by foregrounding sociality. Social media use does not feel like labour, but is unpaid labour that creates profits. Users’ digital labour creates a big data commodity that digital media corporations sell to advertisers. The big data commodity is both gendered and racialised. Algorithms are based on the assumption that white, male users in the West are bona fide consumers potentially buying many commodities and spending lots of money, whereas others are considered to be inferior consumers. “The categorisations of targeted ad groups based on gender (and also other stereotypical features of class, race, ethnicity, and age) function as a kind of discrimination by assigning differential value to these different target markets” (Shepherd 2014, 164).\n\nChapter Ten | Capitalism, Patriarchy, Slavery\n\n247\n\nCapitalism, Racism, and Patriarchy\n\n2 Source: Forbes 2000, 2016 list; http://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/ (accessed 17 December 2016).","previous_page":246,"next_page":248}