{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":258,"pdf_page":272,"physical_index":272,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"d6149e0b6a7c10e510a60f4b4277398dbf3c206c133af40f2ead39206787d428"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"The “labour of every individual country becomes part of that world social labour through the exchange that takes place on an international scale” (p. 22). “[W]orld division of labour and international exchange presuppose the existence of a world market and world prices” (p. 23). Given a world market and unequal productivity, less productive countries have to sell commodities at prices below their values in order to compete, which results in unequal exchange.\n\nRosa Luxemburg (1913, 432) focused in her concept of imperialism on the “relations between capitalism and the non-capitalist modes of production which start making their appearance on the international stage”.\n\nIts predominant methods are colonial policy, an international loan system – a policy of spheres of interest – and war. Force, fraud, oppression, looting are openly displayed without any attempt at concealment, and it requires an effort to discover within this tangle of political violence and contests of power the stern laws of the economic process. (p. 432)\n\nFor Luxemburg, the international relations of imperialism have to do with robbery and the exploitation of labour: “Capital needs the means of production and the labour power of the whole globe for untrammelled accumulation; it cannot manage without the natural resources and the labour power of all territories” (pp. 345–346). “‘Sweating blood and filth with every pore from head to toe’ characterises not only the birth of capital but also its progress in the world at every step” (p. 433).\n\nAlthough there were political differences in questions about imperialism between Lenin, Bukharin, and Luxemburg, especially concerning the role of the national and international level in class struggles and liberation, the question of national self-determination, the causes of crises, organisation and spontaneity in class struggles and revolutions, and the role of foreign markets in capitalism (cp. Mattick 1935), the discussion shows that in all three concepts of imperialism, the periphery is not just a source of resources and a market for selling commodities, but is also embedded into an international division of labour, as part of which workers in the periphery produce relatively cheaply in such a manner that their exploitation results in the export of surplus-value and the appropriation of this value by large companies.\n\n11.3 The International Division of Digital Labour\n\nInternational communications in the form of the telegraph and international news agencies already played a role in the imperialism of the time of World War I. They helped organising and co-ordinating trade, investment, accumulation, exploitation, and war at the international level. Around 100 years later, qualitatively different means of information and communication, such as the computer, the laptop, tablets, the Internet, mobile phones, and social media, have emerged. The production of information and information technology is embedded into an international division of information labour. There are new technologies, but capitalism, imperialism, class, and exploitation continue to form the heart of society and international relations and shape the modes of information production, distribution, and consumption that have become so important in the 21st century.\n\n258\n\nThemes","previous_page":257,"next_page":259}