{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":259,"pdf_page":273,"physical_index":273,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"7d19d4f6d9ab50cef22b9485cdcce13eefaf74e6051b2db99fc0365982a61253"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"All work is a dialectic of subject and object, in which human subjects use objects (resources, technologies) to produce a new subject-object, a product of work (Fuchs 2014). Work is organised in specific social relations that determine the mode of ownership, organisation of work, the mode of allocation and distribution, and forms of consumption. Classical slavery, serfdom, and wage-labour are three important historical forms of class relations that are at the heart of specific modes of production (Engels 1884). Table 11.1 provides a classification of modes of production based on the dominant forms of ownership and class relations (self-control, partly self-control and partly alien control, full alien control).\n\nCapitalism as the dominant mode of production has not brought older modes to an end, but has rather subsumed them. Slavery and patriarchy continue to exist and to be modes of organisation for the super-exploitation of labour. In 2014, 35.8 million people lived in modern forms of slavery (Global Slavery Index 2014). Modern slavery includes slavery, debt bondage, forced marriage, sale and exploitation of children, forced labour, and human trafficking (ibid.). Slaves in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) mine a specific portion of the minerals (such as cobalt, coltan, and tin) needed for creating electronics and computing equipment (Fuchs 2014, chapter 6). In 2014, the DRC was ranked 186 out of 187 countries in human development, 87.8% lived in extreme poverty on less than US\\$ 1.25 per day, and 38.8% of the population aged 15 years or older were illiterate.<sup>1</sup> War and neo-imperialist exploitation of labour and the country’s resources that does not benefit local people, but primarily Western companies, have created the paradox typical for capitalism that one of world’s countries that is richest in natural resources is socially the world’s poorest country. Also in 2014 the political situation in the DRC saw continued fights involving government forces, rebels, and fighters from Uganda and Rwanda. The country’s inhabitants experienced war crimes, crimes against humanity, forced recruitment of children as soldiers, mass rapes, and the killing, mutilation and torture of civilians.<sup>2</sup> According to estimations, more than 760,000 people in the DRC were slaves in 2014.<sup>3</sup> Following Nigeria, it is the country of the world with the second largest absolute number of slaves.\n\nChapter Eleven | Digital Labour and Imperialism\n\n259\n\nThe International Division of Digital Labour","previous_page":258,"next_page":260}