{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":273,"pdf_page":287,"physical_index":287,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"9d17b998dc9fd8219907f1c3d70ce432bf41f2346dbabb77e217f2b3b28f314f"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"In discussions about the contemporary information economy, one can find tendencies that categories such as information, the digital, knowledge, cultural/information/digital/virtual labour are separated from physical labour that produces information technology. The most extreme example is the concept of immaterial labour that implies that there are parts of society that are not material, which contradicts a materialist worldview. Raymond Williams’ cultural materialism is an approach that allows us to see the dialectic of categories. So, for example, all work has mental and physical aspects (Fuchs 2015). But a specific concrete work has a specific degree of mental and physical aspects. Culture at the same time belongs to the economy and does not belong to it: humans produce all culture and information is created in concrete economic production processes. The created information however has effects in all parts of society. Information matters, makes a difference, and has meaning – not just in the economy. It has emergent effects when humans interpret the world based on existing information and with the help of information technology (Fuchs 2015).\n\nIn defining the information economy, there is a difference between industry and occupation approaches (Machlup 1962). Occupation approaches consider the information economy, the aggregate of the value created by all workers whose occupation is to produce information. Industry approaches in contrast define the information economy as the aggregated value produced by all companies creating information products. The occupation approach is methodological individualist, whereas the industry approach is in line with what Marx (1867, 643) termed the collective worker, “a combination of workers” jointly creating a product. In the contemporary corporation, this includes the value created together by a variety of workers. In an information corporation, this includes both occupations that create tangible and intangible outputs that contribute together to the production of information technologies and information content.\n\nThe OECD has in the fourth revision of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) introduced an information sector (sector J) that it defines in the following way:\n\nThis section includes the production and distribution of information and cultural products, the provision of the means to transmit or distribute these products, as well as data or communications, information technology activities and the processing of data and other information service activities.<sup>2</sup>\n\nChapter Twelve | The Information Economy\n\n273\n\nIntroduction\n\n2 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcs.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1&Co=J","previous_page":272,"next_page":274}