{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","id":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","uuid":"50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title":"Digital Capitalism","normalized_title":"digitalcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"2021022153","isbns":["2021022153","9781032119182","9781032119205","9781003222149","2405518376"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":343,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Digital%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/50b7f922-b940-4a05-8eb0-c4dc0d8ec9ed/search"},"page":{"printed_page":91,"pdf_page":105,"physical_index":105,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"7fbffba880ffdd3b701c1bcb5253bc55a9be7af5ddc4d5fa1cdbd4b69e7688fa"},"chapter":"DIGITAL CAPITALISM","content":"The Age of Online Fake News\n\nAdvertising-funded media focus on sensationalism and entertainment in order to attract and sell audiences and tend to feature pro-capitalist and conservative worldviews. Google, Facebook, and Twitter use targeted advertising, which allows to personalise and individualise ads with the help of digital surveillance and big data analytics. The Cambridge Analytica scandal has shown how the targeted ad-based model of digital capitalism collides with democracy: in 2013, University of Cambridge neuroscientist Aleksandr Kogan began to use Facebook’s developer platform in order to conduct a personality quiz. As a result, personal data of around 90 million users was collected and sold to Cambridge Analytica, a company whose vice-president was Steve Bannon. Cambridge Analytica used the data for targeting users with fake news in election campaigns, which has been widely seen as the attempt to manipulate democracy. In the light of Cambridge Analytica, critical studies of online fake news and post-truth online have proliferated (see e.g. Duffy et al. 2019; Humprecht 2019; Carlson 2020). Facebook has as a consequence come under public scrutiny in 2018 because it seems to have known about the use of its targeting mechanism for anti-democratic activities. Targeted online advertising allows large corporations to manipulate and colonise the public sphere by using their advertising budgets for targeting users with corporate and political propaganda. In the online world, native advertising and branded content make it difficult to discern advertising from editorial content, which undermines journalistic autonomy.\n\nSelective sourcing that benefits elites and the capitalist class constitutes a news filter. Online communication other than mass media is based on a decentralised communication infrastructure, where in principle everyone can produce and disseminate information. In the online world, the power hierarchy and class structuration shift from the production of content to the production of visibility and attention. Corporations, celebrities, traditional and new elites dominate online visibility and online attention (see Fuchs 2017, 122–128). For example, in July 2018 Luis Fonsi’s music video “Despacito” was with 5 billion and 368 million views the most accessed YouTube video of all time.<sup>6</sup> Universal Music Latin Entertainment, a division of the Universal Music Group that is owned by Vivendi, is the publisher of Fonsi’s song and video, which shows that big multimedia corporations play a dominant role on YouTube. Given that corporate social media are advertising-based, attention can be purchased as a commodity, which benefits wealthy corporations and individuals.\n\nChapter Three | History and Class Consciousness 2.0\n\n91\n\nJournalism and Reification\n\n6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJQP7kiw5Fk, accessed on 29 July 2018.","previous_page":90,"next_page":92}