{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3","title":"虚拟资本：金融怎样挪用我们的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787300330303","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3","id":"5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3","uuid":"5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3","title":"虚拟资本：金融怎样挪用我们的未来","normalized_title":"虚拟资本金融怎样挪用我们的未来","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787300330303","isbns":["9787300330303"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":236,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%9A%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%80%8E%E6%A0%B7%E6%8C%AA%E7%94%A8%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5aba73df-238c-4ba0-bd59-c6ff3e9099f3/search"},"page":{"printed_page":"II / 105","pdf_page":143,"physical_index":143,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"193fe45064c67d8b4e4f37d762a68d3477385fc1502e9300c5d8f9d9cdcf77d1"},"chapter":"虚拟资本金融怎样挪用我们的未来","content":"从资本主义剩余价值中扣减的股息\n\n支付利息后剩余的利润通过股息的形式以额外的金融形式出现。早在19世纪，股份公司的成立就导致了资本的集中，这使得大型企业（尤其是铁路）的融资超越了个人积累资本的限制。这在当时是一种新的组织形式，如今已成为主流。它意味着所有权和控制权的分离（Berle et Means，1932)，突出了资本积累动力的非个人性和自主性。然而，这并没有消除资本在相对封闭的个人群体中的社会体现，因为资本所有者和非资本所有者之间的阶级界限依然存在，即使员工持股、养老基金甚至共同投资基金的发展往往会模糊这种界限。我们还应该注意到，这种新的组织形式有助于突出资本所有者之间的等级制度，因为大股东垄断了影响公司管理的能力，从而损害了小股东的利益。希法亭强调：“资本家们组成了一个协会，他们中的大多数人对协会的发展方向都没有发言权。”（Hilferding，1910，p. 86）交叉持股和控股网络进一步加剧了这一现象，使资本主义权力极端集中化。我们可以看到，在当前危机爆发前夕，仅仅147家公司就集中了所有跨国公司约40%的价值，即便这些公司本身也由18家金融实体的核心企业控制着（Vitali，Glattfelder etBattiston, 2011; Duménil et Lévy, 2014)。\n\n第六章 金融利润从何而来？\n\nII\n\n105","previous_page":142,"next_page":144}