{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":105,"pdf_page":158,"physical_index":158,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"13d64d659074f2778fe75392f4dc8dba59c4c4c51cb97ef38e127c21b04e7387"},"chapter":"第一章青年马克思初次面对经济学的支援背景","content":"蒲鲁东认为，虽然同样一种产品在不同时期和不同地点所需要的时间和费用或多或少有所不同，这似乎是一个变数，可是透过产品货币表现上的变动，每一种有用的产品都“应当不多不少地按照它所花费的时间和费用支付代价”②。这也就是说，“一件产品的交换价值的计算标准既不是买主的意见，也不是卖主的意见，而是生产这件物品所花费的时间和费用的总额”③。尽管蒲鲁东的表述不准确，不过可以看出其基本思路还是指向劳动价值论的。后面我们将看到，1844年的青年马克思在一开始并没有接受蒲鲁东基于肯定劳动价值论的这种见解。\n\n针对资产阶级经济学所定位的商品交换，蒲鲁东也提出了自己的批判。根据政治经济学的说法，商品交换应该是在自由人之间的自愿的平等交换。可是，那个为了得到一小块面包而烤出一大堆面包、为了可以住在马房里而去建筑一座宫殿、为了能穿上破衣烂衫而去织造最名贵的布匹、为了自己省掉一切而生产一切的文明世界中的工人，是不自由的！④可见，交换中的人并没有真正自由的，再说，本来平等的交换“应该用产品来抵偿劳动，这是一条经济学上的定律；但由于所有权的存在，生产费用就超过它的价值”⑤。同时，如果一切交换的条件是产品的等值性，所以利润是不可能的，并且是不合乎正义的。可现实的一切又是如何发生的呢？蒲鲁东指出，工人们的劳动已经创造了一种价值，因而这种价值是他们的财产。但他们既没有出卖这种价值，又没有加以交换；并且您，资本家，您也没有花什么力气来挣得这种价值。但是，工人所创造的财产怎么会落入到资本家的口袋的呢？蒲鲁东写道：“工资是劳动者维持每天生活和补充精力所必需的费用；而您把它当作是一项出让所生产出来的价值的代价，那就错了。”①蒲鲁东实际上指出了，资本家付给工人的工资并不等于工人劳动所创造出来的价值，除了工人劳动日的价值没有得到全部偿付之外，起码“对于劳动者因团结协作和群策群力而产生的庞大力量，资本家并没有给予任何报酬”②。所以，这种在法权上看似乎平等的交换实际上是“盗窃和欺诈”！我以为，蒲鲁东的这一批判性分析在当时所有的针对资产阶级社会的批判中是有分量的。这些重要思想可能也是这本书中受到马克思赞扬的主要内容。\n\n第一章 青年马克思初次面对经济学的支援背景\n\n①[法]蒲鲁东：《什么是所有权》，孙署冰译，商务印书馆1963年版，第157—158页。\n\n②[法]蒲鲁东：《什么是所有权》，孙署冰译，商务印书馆1963年版，第160页。\n\n③[法]蒲鲁东：《什么是所有权》，孙署冰译，商务印书馆1963年版，第168页。\n\n④参见[法]蒲鲁东《什么是所有权》，孙署冰译，商务印书馆1963年版，第155页。\n\n⑤[法]蒲鲁东：《什么是所有权》，孙署冰译，商务印书馆1963年版，第238页。\n\n105","previous_page":104,"next_page":106}