{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":135,"pdf_page":188,"physical_index":188,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"c075506b3e50cf42b0cd247f24f8ce0178f3a54db9e5436890d90ca2b2749f0d"},"chapter":"第一章青年马克思初次面对经济学的支援背景","content":"那么，什么是劳动呢？在此时的赫斯看来，“为了人类的生存，对物质进行的任何一种改变都叫劳动，或者叫工作、创造(schaffen)、出产、制造(erzeugen)、生产(produziren)、行动、活动，总而言之，劳动就是生活，因为事实上一切有生命的东西都在劳动”②。能看得出来，赫斯在这里是将劳动混同于生产和制造等活动，它不是特指劳动者的主体活动，而是更宽泛的广义劳动。它很接近马克思在1845年开始使用的实践。我发现，赫斯几乎从来没有使用过vergegenständlich(对象化)一词。而这正是后来马克思与他在异化逻辑中的重大差异。在赫斯这里，劳动又区分为两种，一是有组织的(organisirte)劳动，二是无组织的(unorganisirte)劳动。前者也叫自由的活动(freieTätigkeit)，同时，这种作为自由活动的劳动也是生活的享受(Genuß);而后者则是被迫的劳动(gezwungeneArbeit)，这种对人来说就是苦难和压迫。这个享受(Genuß)也是后来马克思《穆勒笔记》中的重要概念。\n\n自由的活动是出于内心的驱使(innerm Antriebe)而进行的一切活动，相反，被迫的劳动是由于外力的驱使(äußermAntriebe)或是由于穷困而进行的一切活动。如果劳动是出自内心的驱使进行的，那么，它就是一种增加生活享受的乐趣，也是一种本身包含着报偿的善行。相反，如果劳动是在外力的驱使下进行的，那就是一种贬低和压抑人的本性的重负，是一种仅仅为了可鄙的罪恶报酬才去干的恶行，是一种雇佣劳动和奴隶劳动(Lohn-und Sklavenarbeit)。一个人假如除了其劳动本身以外还为他的劳动寻求报偿，那么，这个人就是一个为他人的目的而活动的奴隶，是一部被驱赶的无生命的机器(leblose Maschine)。①\n\n第一章青年马克思初次面对经济学的支援背景\n\n①赫斯的这篇论文1844年匿名以小册子的形式发表，1844年12月又发表在巴黎德文报纸《前进报》第2号上。1846年，赫斯把它稍加修改，发表在彼德曼主编的《莱茵社会改革年鉴》，1846年康斯坦茨第2卷第155—169页上。\n\n②[德]赫斯：《共产主义信条问答》，载《赫斯精粹》，南京大学出版社2010年版，第168页。\n\n135","previous_page":134,"next_page":136}