{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":143,"pdf_page":196,"physical_index":196,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"9251888199c6bb442aa22e218a6e12bc92a62e4f72095ff13a456f3a9d98d7af"},"chapter":"第一章青年马克思初次面对经济学的支援背景","content":"恩格斯在《国民经济学批判大纲》中，把资产阶级社会的全部经济现象、资产阶级经济学的全部范畴和规律都归结为私人所有制。这里又有蒲鲁东的影响。他试图通过揭示私有制的非人性，从而认证消灭私有制的必然性问题。而且，恩格斯的确是从政治经济学本身的直接批判出发的，较少赫斯的那种纯哲学的逻辑演绎。这也是青年恩格斯与同样开始进入政治经济学研究的马克思的不同之处。\n\n恩格斯分析道，如果说重商主义的“旧教”还没有掩盖商业的不道德本质(贱买高卖)，那么当前这种经济学“新教”却是虚伪的意识形态，因为斯密一李嘉图在资产阶级不人道的奴役关系之上又蒙了一层人道化的平等的交换原则和一整套对经济规律的科学分析的面纱。这是一种更深层的欺诈！这种东西越是科学就越反动，所以，“李嘉图的罪过就比亚当·斯密大，而麦克库洛赫和穆勒的罪过又比李嘉图大”③。此时，恩格斯显然还没有把古典经济学与庸俗学派区分开来。恩格斯直接站在西斯蒙第式的立场上批判性地提出，必须抛弃这种抽象唯物主义的“纯经验主义和纯客观主义的研究方法”，使经济学也能直接地对私有制经济生活的结果负责。这里，恩格斯当然也没有注意区分暗含在政治经济学中正确的社会唯物主义前提，以及作为这种逻辑必然结果的资产阶级意识形态的拜物教。\n\n恩格斯认为，亚当·斯密是资产阶级“政治经济学中的路德(ökonomische Luther)”④。请注意下面青年马克思在《1844年手稿》引言中的相近指认。众所周知，在宗教改革中，路德的意义是将中世纪那种外在于人的神(上帝)直接化解在人的内心中，让教条的神学教义变成个体生存的内省自悟，从而使彼岸世界融于此岸现世。恩格斯此处的比喻，是想说明斯密把原来重商主义的那种公开的不道德买卖(“商业就是一种合法的欺诈”)变成一种人道一些的自由的平等的互利贸易。我以为，恩格斯的这一指认实质上还是哲学式的。因为，如果他真的认识到斯密是一种“路德革命”，那么这种“革命”实际上是在经济学中将私有财产的本质从财富的客体形式移到了人的主体活动劳动中来，而且首先是重农主义使财富指认从流通转向了农业生产领域里的劳动，而后来斯密用一切生产中的劳动指认了财富。这就是劳动价值论。可是在这个时候，恩格斯并没有意识到古典经济学这个重要理论对社会主义革命的深刻意义。后面我们将看到，他的这一观点直接影响到初次进入经济学研究中的青年马克思。\n\n第一章青年马克思初次面对经济学的支援背景\n\n①参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，人民出版社1956年版，第597页。\n\n②《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，人民出版社1956年版，第600页。\n\n③《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，人民出版社1956年版，第599页。\n\n④《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，人民出版社1956年版，第601页。马丁·路德(MartinLuther.1483—1546)，本名MartinLuder，新教宗教改革的发起人。新教改革终止了中世纪天主教教会在欧洲的独尊地位。\n\n143","previous_page":142,"next_page":144}