{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","id":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","uuid":"5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title":"回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语（第四版）","normalized_title":"回到马克思经济学语境中的哲学话语第四版","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787214205940","isbns":["9787214205940","9783050033501","9783050033518","9783050042817","9783050033532","9783110485776","9783110457605","9783050033549","9783050033556","9783050033563","9783050033570","9783050036106","9783110517675","9783050033587","9783050033594","9783050045887","9783050033600","9783050033617","9783050033624","9783050033631","9783050033648","9783050033655","9783050046747","9783050034829","9783050045931","9783050042459","9783050033686","9783050060040","9783050042275","9783050033761","9783050038667","9783050033785","9783050033792","9783050033808","9783050033815","9783050033822","9783050041773","9783050041384","9783050041742","9783050037332","9783050037974","9783050033839","9783050033846","9783050033853","9783050033860","9783050033877","9783050033884","9783050033891","9783050033907","9783050034638","9783050034867","9783050041803","9783050049847","9783050036755","9783050060248","9783050033914","9783050033921","9783050033983","9783050033938","9783050061238","9783050033945","9783050033952","9783050033969","9783050033976","9783050034881","9783110517651","9783110583694","9783050046730","9783050033990","9783050034409"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":882,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E5%9B%9E%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/5ee3a9c1-a919-4a39-8a32-f28ae74111d8/search"},"page":{"printed_page":204,"pdf_page":257,"physical_index":257,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"fd0d88473ee46421dab94052063ce435f3cf92d2197a1930f7148d1ecbdfc22a"},"chapter":"第二章 经济学语境中哲学话语的沉默与凸现","content":"马克思接下去分析道，为什么私有财产必然发展到货币呢？“这是因为人作为喜爱交际(geselliges)的存在物(Wesen)必然发展到交换(Austausch)[XXV]，因为交换——在存在着私有财产的前提下——必然发展到价值(Werth)”③。显然，这里的“人作为喜爱交际的存在物”一语，直接就是赫斯的东西，并且，马克思初步弄清楚了价值的本质是交换关系，而非物的价值。马克思这里没有使用Verkehr(交往)一词，而使用了geselliges一词。全文中两次使用Verkehr一词。苏联学者卢森贝认为，马克思这时已经区别了自然经济私有制和商品货币私有制，并由此“奠定了真正科学的经济学说史的基础，把辩证唯物主义的原理也推广到这一知识部门”④。我以为这种评价过高了，也是没有充分根据的。且不说这个时候还谈不上辩证唯物主义，甚至马克思这时也还没有真正历史地研究经济学史。这一研究实际上是从一年之后的《曼彻斯特笔记》开始的。在此，马克思只注意到，“进行交换活动的人的中介运动，不是社会的（gesellschaftliche)、人的运动，不是人的关系（menschlichesVerhältniβ)，它是私有财产对私有财产的抽象的关系（abstrakteVerhältniβ des Privateigenthums zum Privateigenthum),而这种抽象的关系是价值。货币才是作为价值的价值的现实存在（wirklicheExistenz)”①。马克思在此文中9 次使用Verhältnis(关系)一词，另外，他也13次使用Beziehung(联系)。很显然，这是一种透过赫斯一费尔巴哈式人本主义逻辑折射的语言。在费尔巴哈对宗教神学的批判中，人的类本质是人类共同的感性活动和人与人的真实直接交往关系，但是在宗教中它却采取了异化的颠倒的抽象(中介，Vermittler)形式，人的类本质颠倒地表现为人之上的上帝，而“基督是外化的上帝和外化的人”的媒介。异化的主体是关系，而不是某种抽象实体。这是费尔巴哈异化史观中十分深刻的地方。马克思将费尔巴哈的“自然人”和“人与人”的自然关系进一步确定为“社会的人”和“人与人”的社会关系，将赫斯的交往关系的类本质颠倒为金钱关系的异化观点系统化为一种关于人的类本质(关系)在社会经济运动中异化的理论：人与人的类关系被异化和抽象为价值，这个价值即是私有制下经济关系中的上帝，而货币则代表了价值的价值即耶稣基督这种媒介式的、再一次被异化了的无个性的、抽象的私有财产。这是典型的费尔巴哈加赫斯的理论混合物。\n\n马克思主义研究丛书·回到马克思\n\n①《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第19页。\n\n②当时马克思使用的Waare一词现在通常写为Ware。——本书作者第三版注。\n\n③《马克思恩格斯全集》第42卷，人民出版社1979年版，第19页。中译文有改动。\n\n④[苏]卢森贝：《十九世纪四十年代马克思恩格斯经济学说发展概论》，方钢等译，三联书店1958年版，第75页。\n\n204","previous_page":203,"next_page":205}